Increase in hepatic and decrease in peripheral insulin clearance characterize abnormal temporal patterns of serum insulin in diabetic subjects

Concentrations of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-peptide during consecutive hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. The mean？±？SD among the subjects for NGT (green, n？=？50), borderline type (red, n？=？18), and T2DM (blue, n？=？53) of experimental (upper 3 panels) and simulation with Model VI (lower 2 panels) time courses are shown. Hyperglycemic clamp (HGC) was performed for 90？min and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) for 120？min with a 10-min interval. The plasma glucose level is the average value calculated every 5？min of the measurements made every 1？min, and the serum insulin and C-peptide levels are measured values at sampling time (Methods). Simulation time courses are plotted every 10？min. Supplementary Figure S1 and Supplementary Table S1 illustrate the significant difference of concentrations at each time point among the three group