Vascularization converts the lineage fate of bone mesenchymal stem cells to endothelial cells in tissue-engineered bone grafts by modulating FGF2-RhoA/ROCK signaling

Most cells were CD31- and CD11b/c- (a, left panel), and a further representative image shows that the percentage of the CD31-, CD11b/c- and CD45？ cells that express CD90 was 93.6% (a, right panel). b Multi-lineage differentiation assay of rat BMSCs: osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. c β-TCP scaffolds (5？mm in height and 4？mm in diameter, 70% porosity, 400？μm pore diameter) were incubated with GFP+ BMSCs for a week. d The femur bone defect was made in the left femur and fixed by internal fixation. After surgery, all rats were examined using X-ray imaging to confirm that the model was successful. e, f Two types of femur defect models were used: WT rats matched with GFP+ BMSCs-TEBGs and GFP+ rats matched with WT BMSCs-TEBG