Bone morphogenetic protein 2 promotes human trophoblast cell invasion by upregulating N-cadherin via non-canonical SMAD2/3 signaling

BMP2 increases HTR8/SVneo and primary human EVT cell invasion. a, b HTR8/SVneo cells were treated with vehicle (Ctrl) or BMP2 (25 or 50？ng/mL) and cell invasiveness was examined by Matrigel-coated transwell assay. Representative images of the invasion assay ((a); scale bar 100？μm) and summarized quantitative results (b) are shown separately (n？=？3). c HTR8/SVneo cells were seeded in 24-well plates and treated every 24？h with vehicle or BMP2 (25 or 50？ng/mL) for a total of 72？h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72？h after BMP2 treatment (n？=？3). d, e Primary human EVT cells were treated with or without 25？ng/mL BMP2 and cell invasiveness was examined by Matrigel-coated transwell assay. Representative images of the invasion assay ((d); scale bar 100？μm) and combined quantitative results (e) are shown separately (n？=？5). Results are displayed as the mean？±？SEM of at least three independent experiments and values without common letters are significantly different (P？<？0.05