Cell death in ectopic calcification of the kidney

a Representative immunofluorescence images of DAPI and TUNEL-stained apoptotic nuclei of HK-2 cells grown in NH OsteoDiff medium for 1, 5, and 15 days. The images show DNA fragmentation localized in the nodule (bar？=？25？μm). b von Kossa staining images of cells cultured in NH OsteoDiff medium (bar？=？100？μm) show calcium phosphate deposition in multilayered cell nodules. c ESEM analysis. Semi-quantitative measure of the composition of the inclusions and ESEM images of selected areas of cells cultured in NH OsteoDiff medium (bar？=？500？μm and 10？μm up square) (17). d Sequence of events for the onset of nephrocalcinosis suggested by the in vitro calcification process observe