Sonodynamic therapy inhibits palmitate-induced beta cell dysfunction via PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy

a Cell viability did not significantly change in beta cells incubated with 0.25–4？mmol/l ALA for 24？h. n？=？6. *P？<？0.05, ** P？<？0.01, ***P？<？0.001 compared to 0？mmol/l groups. b, c Accumulation of ALA-PpIX in beta cells reached peaks at the timepoint of 9？h and at the concentration of 1？mmol/l ALA. Fluorescence of ALA-PpIX was detected using fluorescence spectrophotometer and normalized to cell population. n？=？6. ***P？<？0.001 compared to 1？mmol/l groups. d Change of cell viability after 24？h post ALA-SDT is shown. Cells were preincubated with 1？mmol/l ALA for 9？h, then SDT was performed. n？=？6. * P？<？0.05, **P？<？0.01, ***P？<？0.001 compared to 0？W/cm2 groups. Bars？=？Mean？±？SEM. ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid, PpIX protoporphyrin IX, SDT sonodynamic therap