MEK inhibition suppresses K-Ras wild-type cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting cell proliferation and modulating tumor microenvironment

a, b IC50 values calculated by quantifying the Crystal violet staining from SNU1196 (a) and OCUG (b) cell line treated for 3 days with the indicated doses of PD901 and MNL0128. c, d Combining PD901 with MNL0128 (concentration of IC50) resulted in reduced cell viability of SNU1196 (c) and OCUG (d) compared with PD901 or MNL0128 single treatment. Abbreviations: Combo, combined PD9018/MNL012 treatment. Tukey–Kramer test: at least P？<？0.005 a, vs DMEM b, vs MLN0128; c, vs PD90