Autophagosome accumulation-mediated ATP energy deprivation induced by penfluridol triggers nonapoptotic cell death of lung cancer via activating unfolded protein response

a Two NSCLC cell lines, A549 (wild-type EGFR) and HCC827 (mutant EGFR, del E746-A750), were treated with different concentrations of penfluridol for 24, 48, or 72？h, and cell viability was determined with an MTS assay. b A549 or HCC827 cells were treated with the vehicle or penfluridol (5？μM) for 24？h; then, the cell morphology was photographed using a phase-contrast microscope (×100). c NSCLC cells and normal lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2b) were treated with the indicated concentrations of penfluridol for 24？h, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of these cells was determined by an MTS assay. d A549 and HCC827 cells were treated with the vehicle or penfluridol (1.25–20？μM) for 24？h; then, the death-inducing effects of penfluridol on cells were determined by counting the colonies formed. e A549 and HCC827 cells were treated with 1.25 or 2.5？μM of penfluridol for a transwell migration assay. Left panels of d, e: representative photomicrographs. Right panels of d, e: values are presented as the mean？±？SD from three independent experiments. *p？<？0.05, ***p？<？0.001 compared to the vehicle grou