Exosomes derived from M1 macrophages aggravate neointimal hyperplasia following carotid artery injuries in mice through miR-222/CDKN1B/CDKN1C pathway

a, b M1 macrophages were positively associated with HA-VSMC proliferation. GW4869, a well-known inhibitor of exosome secretion, is used at a concentration of 10？μM to reduce the release of exosome from M1M. *P？<？0.05, versus Control group; ？P？<？0.05, versus co-culture group. n？=？3, each group. c Schematic co-culture model for M1M affect VSMCs proliferation. d, e M1M were positively associated with HA-VSMC migration. GW4869, a well-known inhibitor of exosome secretion, is used at a concentration of 10？μM to reduce the release of exosome from M1M. *P？<？0.05, versus Control group; ？P？<？0.05, versus co-culture group. n？=？3, each group. f Schematic co-culture model for M1M affect VSMCs migration. g The ultrastructure of R1-EXO and T1-EXO showed typical cup-shaped morphology by transmission electron microscopy. h NTA demonstrates the size distribution of T1-EXO and R1-EXO revealing a size peak of 123 and 132？nm, respectively. i, j The expression of exosomes markers, Alix, Hsp70, and CD63 were confirmed by immunoblotting. A total of 20？μg protein from cell lysis and 20？μg protein from exosomes lysis was loaded into each lane. *P？<？0.05, versus Control group. n？=？3, each group. All data were expressed as mean？±？SEM from three individual experiment