Curcumin induced oxidative stress causes autophagy and apoptosis in bovine leucocytes transformed by Theileria annulata

a percentage of growth inhibition upon treating infected cells with various concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20？μM) of curcumin at various time points (12, 24 and 36？h), b Absorbance of curcumin in methanolic extract of Ana2014 cells. Red line indicates the absorbance in the curcumin treated cells and green line indicates the absorbance in untreated cells, c TUNEL assay representing DNA fragmentation induced by curcumin. (i) unstained, (ii) untreated, (iii) 20？μM, (iv) 40？μM and (v) 80？μM, d Annexin V FITC- PI staining of untreated and 20？μM curcumin treated Ana2014 cells for 24？h, showing the percentage of live, early apoptotic, apoptotic and necrotic cell population. N？=？3. Data are presented as mean？±？SD. * represents p？<？0.05, ** represents p？<？0.01, and *** represents p？<？0.001, compared with the untreated grou