This study focused on decolorization of 2 reactive dyes; Reactive Blue 19 (RBBR) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5), by selected white-rot fungus Datronia sp. KAPI0039. The effects of reactive dye concentration, fungal inoculum size as well as pH were studied. Samples were periodically collected for the measurement of color unit, Laccase (Lac), Manganese Peroxidase (MnP), and Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) activity. Eighty-six percent of 1,000？ RBBR decolorization was achieved by 2% (w/v) Datronia sp. KAPI0039 at pH 5. The highest Lac activity (759.81？ ) was detected in the optimal condition. For RB5, Datronia sp. KAPI0039 efficiently performed (88.01% decolorization) at 2% (w/v) fungal inoculum size for the reduction of 600？ RB5 under pH 5. The highest Lac activity (178.57？ ) was detected, whereas the activity of MnP and LiP was absent during this hour. The result, therefore, indicated that Datronia sp. KAPI0039 was obviously able to breakdown both reactive dyes, and Lac was considered as a major lignin-degradation enzyme in this reaction. 1. Introduction Large amount of chemical dyes, approximately 10,000 different dyes and pigments per year, are used for various industrial applications such as textile and printing industries. It is estimated that about 10% are lost in industrial effluents [1]. As a result, a significant proportion of these dyes are released to the environment in wastewater. Moreover, these dyes are designed to be resistant to light, water, and oxidizing agents and therefore difficult to naturally degrade once released into aquatic systems [2]. Thus, this can cause the obstruction of sunlight pass through the water resource by synthetic dyes, then leading to the decrease in oxygen dissolved in water, the photosynthesis of water plants, and the biodegradation of organic matters. At present, the biotechnological approaches were proven to be potentially effective in treatment of this pollution source in an eco-efficient manner [2]. The possibility to use ligninolytic fungi for the removal of synthetic dyes is one approach that attracts considerable attention. This is due to their production of ligninolytic enzymes—most frequently laccase and manganese peroxidase—that enable these microorganisms to oxidize a broad range of substrates including synthetic dyes [3]. Many reports so far have demonstrated that white-rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma spp., Irpex lacteus, Dichomitus squalens, and Ischnoderma resinosum, in Basidiomycete class, were efficiently capable of decolorization of pulping
References
[1]
E. Rodríguez, M. A. Pickard, and R. Vazquez-Duhalt, “Industrial dye decolorization by laccases from ligninolytic fungi,” Current Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 27–32, 1999.
[2]
T. Robinson, B. Chandran, and P. Nigam, “Studies on the production of enzymes by white-rot fungi for the decolourisation of textile dyes,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 29, no. 8-9, pp. 575–579, 2001.
[3]
P. Baldrian and J. ？najdr, “Production of ligninolytic enzymes by litter-decomposing fungi and their ability to decolorize synthetic dyes,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1023–1029, 2006.
[4]
T. W. Jeffries, S. Choi, and T. K. Kirk, “Nutritional regulation of lignin degradation in Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 290–296, 1981.
[5]
I. R. Hardin, H. Cao, S. S. Wilson, and D. E. Akin, “Decolorization of textile wastewater by selective fungi,” Textile Chemist and Colorist and American Dyestuff Reporter, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 38–42, 2000.
[6]
I. Eichlerová, L. Homolka, L. Lisá, and F. Nerud, “Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolorization by white rot fungi Dichomitus squalens, Ischnoderma resinosum and Pleurotus calyptratus,” Chemosphere, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 398–404, 2005.
[7]
M. J. Lopez, M. D. C. Vargas-García, F. Suárez-Estrella, N. N. Nichols, B. S. Dien, and J. Moreno, “Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes produced by the ascomycete Coniochaeta ligniaria and related species: application for a lignocellulosic substrate treatment,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 794–800, 2007.
[8]
K. Svobodová, M. Senholdt, C. Novotny, and A. Rehorek, “Mechanism of reactive orange 16 degradation with the white rot fungus Irpex lacteus,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 1279–1284, 2007.
[9]
N. Hiratsuka, M. Oyadomari, H. Shinohara, H. Tanaka, and H. Wariishi, “Metabolic mechanisms involved in hydroxylation reactions of diphenyl compounds by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 241–246, 2005.
[10]
S.-S. Shim and K. Kawamoto, “Enzyme production activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and degradation of pentachlorophenol in a bioreactor,” Water Research, vol. 36, no. 18, pp. 4445–4454, 2002.
[11]
L. Young and J. Yu, “Ligninase-catalysed decolorization of synthetic dyes,” Water Research, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1187–1193, 1997.
[12]
W. Apiwattanapiwat, P. Siriacha, and P. Vaithanomsat, “Screening of fungi for decolorization of wastewater from pulp and paper industry,” Kasetsart Journal : Natural Science, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 215–221, 2005.
[13]
W. Apiwatanapiwat, W. Phochinda, T. Kreetachat, and P. Vaithanomsat, “Efficiency of ozone, activated carbon and microorganisms in decolorisation of pulp and paper mill effluent,” Water Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2.
[14]
M. Tien and T. K. Kirk, “Lignin-degrading enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification, characterization, and catalytic properties of a unique -requiring oxygenase,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 81, pp. 2280–2284, 1984.
[15]
J. Chedchant, O. Petchoy, P. Vaithanomsat, W. Apiwatanapiwat, T. Kreetachat, and S. Chantranurak, “Decolorization of lignin-containing effluent by white-rot fungus Datronia sp. KAPI0039,” in Proceedings of the 47th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 2009.
[16]
J. Swamy and J. A. Ramsay, “The evaluation of white rot fungi in the decoloration of textile dyes,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 24, no. 3-4, pp. 130–137, 1999.
[17]
H. Zouari-Mechichi, T. Mechichi, A. Dhouib, S. Sayadi, A. T. Martínez , and M. J. Martínez , “Laccase purification and characterization from Trametes trogii isolated in Tunisia: decolorization of textile dyes by the purified enzyme,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 39, pp. 141–148, 2006.
[18]
Z. Aksu, N. K. Kilic, S. Ertugrul, and G. Donmez, “Inhibitory effects of chromium (VI) and Remazol Black B on chromium (VI) and dyestuff removals by Trametes versicolor,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 40, pp. 1167–1174, 2007.
[19]
M. S. Revankar and S. S. Lele, “Synthetic dye decolorization by white rot fungus, Ganoderma sp. WR-1,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 775–780, 2007.
[20]
I. Eichlerová, L. Homolka, and F. Nerud, “Synthetic dye decolorization capacity of white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 97, no. 16, pp. 2153–2159, 2006.
[21]
P. Ollikka, K. Alhonmaki, V.-M. Leppanen, T. Glumoff, T. Raijola, and I. Suominen, “Decolorization of azo, triphenyl methane, heterocyclic, and polymeric dyes by lignin peroxidase isoenzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 4010–4016, 1993.
[22]
C. Park, M. Lee, B. Lee, S.-W. Kim, H. A. Chase, J. Lee, and S. Kim, “Biodegradation and biosorption for decolorization of synthetic dyes by Funalia trogii,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 59–65, 2007.
[23]
P. Kashyap, A. Sabu, A. Pandey, G. Szakacs, and C. R. Soccol, “Extra-cellular L-glutaminase production by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under solid-state fermentation,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 307–312, 2002.
[24]
A. P. M. Tavares, M. A. Z. Coelho, M. S. M. Agapito, J. A. P. Coutinho, and A. M. R. B. Xavier, “Optimization and modeling of laccase production by Trametes versicolor in a bioreactor using statistical experimental design,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 233–248, 2006.
[25]
G. S. Nyanhongo, J. Gomes, G. Gübitz, R. Zvauya, J. S. Read, and W. Steiner, “Production of laccase by a newly isolated strain of Trametes modesta,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 259–263, 2002.
[26]
L. J. J？nsson, M. Saloheimo, and M. Penttil？, “Laccase from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor: cDNA cloning of Icc1 and expression in Pichia pastoris,” Current Genetics, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 425–430, 1997.
