The Occurrence of Bacteria of the Genus Aeromonas spp. in Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and in the Water of Amateur Sport Fish Ponds and Sensitiveness to Antimicrobials
Since amateur fishing in fishponds has been on the increase in Brazil, there is a great concern on the microbiological quality of fish. One hundred and thirty-eight samples were collected during the dry and rainy periods in ten fish farms. Aeromonas spp. counts and tests for sensitiveness to antimicrobials were performed, coupled to the physical and chemical analyses of water. Tests revealed that 70% of samples were contaminated by Aeromonas spp., with water averaging 2.92 Log CFU/100 mL during the rainy period and 3.16 Log CFU/100 mL during the dry one. Fish contaminated by Aeromonas spp. averaged 2.58 Log CFU/100 mL during the rainy period and 3.53 Log CFU/100 mL during the dry one. Aeromonas spp. samples were multi-resistant to 2 or 8 antimicrobials in 62.5% of the samples. Ampicillin was the antimicrobial with the highest resistance percentage rate. Results showed that fish bred in amateur fish farms constituted a health risk for the population.
References
[1]
Kubitza, F. (2015) Aquaculture in Brazil: Main Species, Cultivation Areas, Diets, Limiting Factors and Challenges. Survey of Aquaculture, 25, 10-23.
http://www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br/es/imagens/uploads/conteudos/42/arquivo/20151009160330Ae qk3ptRby.pdf
[2]
IBAMA (1998) Ruling N. 136/98, published on October 14, 1998. Establishes Norms for the Registration of Water and Fish Farm Manager at the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources—IBAMA.
[3]
da Silva, J.L.S., Cavalcante, D.H., de Carvalho, F.C.T., Vieira, R.H.S.F., do Carmo e Sa, M.V. and de Sousa, O.V. (2016) Aquatic Microbiota Diversity in the Culture of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Using Bioflocs or Periphyton: Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation. Acta Science Animal, 38, 233-241.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i3.31910
[4]
Nagar, V., Shashidhar, R. and Bandekar, J.R. (2011) Prevalence, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas Strains from Various Retail Food Products in Mumbai, India. Journal Food Science, 76, M486-M492.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02303.x
[5]
Janda, J.M. and Abbott, S.L. (2010) The Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection. Clinical Microbiology Review, 23, 35-73.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00039-09
[6]
Stratev, D. and Odeyemi, O.A. (2015) Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Different Food Sources: A Mini-Review. Journal Infection Public Health, 9, 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.006
[7]
Brasil (2001) Ministry of Health. National Sanitary Agency. Resolution RDC n. 12, 2nd January, 2001. Technical Rulings on Microbiological Standards in Food.
[8]
Hofer, E., Reis, C.M.F.D., Theophilo, G.N.D., Cavalcanti, V.O., Lima, N.V.D. and Henriques, M.D.F.C.D. (2006) Aeromonas Associated with an Acute Diarrhea Outbreak in Sao Bento do Una, Pernambuco. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, 39, 217-220. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822006000200016
[9]
Silva, R.M.L., Junior, O.D.R., Costa, F.N., Chaves, N.P., Nascimento, D.L. and Kamimura, B.A. (2010) Aeromonas spp. in Fish Farm Water in the Baixada Ocidental Maranhense Region. Bulletin of the Fisheries Institute, 36, 245-249.
ftp://ftp.sp.gov.br/ftppesca/36_3_245-249rev.pdf
[10]
Beaz-Hidalgo, R., Shakèd, T., Laviad, S., Halpern, M. and Figueras, M.J. (2012) Chironomid Egg Masses Harbour the Clinical Species Aeromonas taiwanensis and Aeromonas sanarellii. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 337, 48-54.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12003
[11]
Viegas, E.M., Pimenta, F.A., Previero, T.C., Goncalves, L.U., Duraes, J.P., Ribeiro, M.A.R. and Oliveira Filho, P.R.C. (2012) Slaughter Methods and Fish Meat Quality. Archivos de Zootecnia, 61, 41-50.
[12]
Silva, N., Junqueira, V.C.A., Silveira, N.F.A, Taniwaki, M.H., Santos, R.F.S. and Gomes, R.A.R. (2010) Handbook of Methods in the Microbiological Analysis of Food and Water. 4th Edition, Ed. Varela, Sao Paulo.
[13]
APHA (1978) American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products. 14th Edition, Washington DC.
[14]
Suarez, W. and Herrera, F. (2011) Aislamiento de Aeromonas spp. en Muestras de Pescado Fresco Comercializado en Pamplona (Norte de Santander). Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 14, 7-13.
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rudca/v14n2/v14n2a02.pdf
[15]
Evangelista-Barreto, N.S., Carvalho, F.C.T.D., Vieira, R.H.S., dos Reis, C.M.F., Macrae, A. and Rodrigues, D.D.P. (2010) Characterization of Aeromonas Species Isolated from an Estuarine Environment. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 41, 452-460. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822010000200027
[16]
Brasil. Ministry of the Environment. National Council for the Environment—CONAMA (2005). Resolution 357 of the 7th March 2005. Disposes on the classification of water bodies and environmental guidelines; it also establishes conditions and standards for the launching of effluents, and gives other rulings. Government Gazette, Brasilia. http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/
[17]
R Core Team (2017) A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/
[18]
Novoslavskij, A., Terentjeva, M., Eizenberga, I., Valcina, O., Bartkevics, V. and Berzins, A. (2016) Major Foodborne Pathogens in Fish and Fish Products: A Review. Annals of Microbiology, 66, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-015-1102-5
[19]
Lorenzon, C.S., Gatti Jr., P., Nunes, A.P., Pinto, F.R., Scholten, C., Honda, S.N. and Amaral, L.A. (2010) Microbiological Profile of Fish and Water in Fish Farms in the Northeastern Region of the State of Sao Paulo. Archives of the Biological Institute, 77, 617-624.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265727443_PERFIL_MICROBIOLOGICO_DE_PEIXES_E_ AGUA_DE_CULTIVO_EM_PESQUE-PAGUES_SITUADOS_NA_REGIAO_NORDESTE_DO_ESTADO_DE_ SAO_PAULO
[20]
Alencar, S.R., Seixas, E.N.C., Taveira, L.K.P.D., Lima, R. and Melo Jr., H.N. (2011) Environmental, Physical-Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of the Fish Farms of the Grangeiro Recreational Club, Crato-CE. Notebook of Culture and Science, 10, 28-36.
http://periodicos.urca.br/ojs/index.php/cadernos/article/view/268/268-787-1-PB.pdf
[21]
Piratoba, A.R.A., Ribeiro, H.M.C., Morales, G.P. and Goncalves, W.G. (2017) Characterization of Water Quality Parameters in the Port Area of Barcarena, PA, Brazil. Ambiente & Agua, 12, 435-456.
[22]
Guo, S.L., Yang, Q.H., Feng, J.J., Duan, L.H. and Zhao, J.P. (2016) Phylogenetic Analysis of the Pathogenic Genu Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Diseased Eels in China. Microbial Pathogenesis, 101, 12-23.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088240101630496X
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.016
[23]
Laviad, S. and Halpern, M. (2016) Chironomids’ Relationship with Aeromonas Species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00736
[24]
Tavares, A.B., Cereser, N.D. and Timm, C.D. (2015) Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in Foods of Animal Origin and Its Importance in Public Health. Archives of the Biological Institute, 82, 1-8.
[25]
Carvalho, M.J., Martinez-Murcia, A., Esteves, A.C., Correia, A. and Saavedra, M.J. (2012) Phylogenetic Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Traits of Aeromonas spp. From Untreated Waters for Human Consumption. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 159, 230-239.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.008
[26]
Costa, F.N. and Rossi Júnior, O.D. (2002) Contamination by Aeromonas spp. in Poultry Slaughterhouses. Brazilian Archives of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, 54, 534-538.
[27]
Peixoto, L.J.S., Sa, M.C.A., Gordiano, L.A. and Costa, M.M. (2012) Aeromonas spp.: Virulence Factors and Resistance Patterns to Antimicrobial and Heavy Metals. Archives of the Biological Institute, 79, 453-461.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1808-16572012000300020
[28]
Neyts, K., Huys, G., Uyttendaele, M., Swings, J. and Debevere, J. (2000) Incidence and Identification of Mesophilic Aeromonas spp. from Retail Foods. Letters Applied of Microbiology, 31, 359-363.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11069637
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00828.x
[29]
Santos, D.M.S., Cruz, C.F., Pereira, D.P., Alves, L.M.C. and Moraes, F.R. (2012) Microbiological Quality of Water and Histopathology of Fish Gills from Fish Farms in Itapecuru-Mirim, State of Maranhao. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 34, 199-205. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i2.8460
[30]
Osman, G.A. and El-Khateeb, M.A. (2016) Impact of Water Contamination on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish Yield. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9, 66-181.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321018850_Impact_of_water_contamination_on_tilapia_ Oreochromis_niloticus_fish_yield
[31]
Elbashir, S., Parveen, S., Schwarz, J., Rippen, T., Jahncke, M. and DePaola, A. (2018) Seafood Pathogens and Information on Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Food Microbiology, 70, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.011
[32]
Pinheiro, C.A.M., Pinheiro, R.S., Santos, W.H.L., Souza Serra, I.M.R. and Santos, D.M.S. (2015) Water Quality and Occurrence of Fungi in Fish from Fish Farms in Sao Luis-Maranhao. Research in Focus, 20, 1.
[33]
Huicab-Pech, Z.G., Landeros-Sanchez, C., Castaneda-Chavez, M.R., Lango-Reynoso, F., López-Collado, C.J. and Platas Rosado, D.E. (2016) Current State of Bacteria Pathogenicity and Their Relationship with Host and Environment in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 7, 428.
[34]
Souza, G.M.D., Ricieto, A.P.S., Vilas-Boas, G.T., Giordano, L.G.P. and Vilas-Boas, L.A. (2011) Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Water throughout the Productive Chain of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Northern Region of the State of Parana. Proceedings VII EPCC—International Meeting in Scientific Production, Maringa-Parana-Brasil, 25-28 October 2011.
https://www.unicesumar.edu.br/epcc-2011/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2016/07/gabriel_marcos_ domingues_souza.pdf
[35]
Chen, P.L., Tsai, P.J., Chen, C.S., Lu, Y.C., Chen, H.M., Lee, N.Y., Lee, C.C., Li, C.W., Li, M.C., Wu, C.J. and Ko, W.C. (2015) Aeromonas Stool Isolates from Individuals with or without Diarrhea in Southern Taiwan: Predominance of Aeromonas veronii. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 47, 618-624.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2014.08.007
[36]
Pereira, C.S., Amorim, S.D., Santos, A.F.D.M., Reis, C.M.F.D., Theophilo, G.N.D. and Rodrigues, D.D.P. (2008) Characterization of Aeromonas spp Isolates from Newborns Hospitalized. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, 41, 179-182. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822008000200009
[37]
Kato, M. and Piveli, R. (2005) Water Quality and Pollution: Physical and Chemical Aspects. Sao Paulo, ABES, 285.
[38]
Paiva Soares, K.M., Goncalves, A.A., de Souza, L.B. and da Silva, J.B.A. (2012) Pesquisa de Staphylococcus aureus em tilapia do Nilo armazenada em gelo. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 6, 239-242.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267449316_Pesquisa_de_Staphylococcus_aureus_em_ tilapia_do_Nilo_armazenada_em_gelo
[39]
Rocha, F.A.G., Araújo, L.O., Alves, K.S., Dantas, L.í.S., Silva, R.P. and Araújo, M.F.F. (2013) Estafilococos coagulase positivos em filés de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) comercializados no mercado modelo Nerival Araújo, Currais Novos/RN. HOLOS, 1, 84-91. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4815/481548602006.pdf
[40]
Moura, A.C., Assumpcao, R.A.B. and Bischoff, J. (2009) Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Monitoring of Water from the River Cascavel during 2003-2006. Archives of the Biological Institute, 76, 17-22.
http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/uploads/docs/arq/v76_1/moura.pdf
[41]
Samocha, T.M., Davis, D.A., Saoud, I.P. and Bault, K. (2004) Substituion of Fish Meal by Co-Extruded Sobean Poultry By-Product Meal in Practical Diets for the Pacific Hite Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquiculture, 231, 197-203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.023
[42]
Baron, S., Granier, S.A., Larvor, E., Jouy, E., Cineux, M., Wilhelm, A. and Chauvin, C. (2017) Aeromonas Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Freshwater: An Attempt to Set Generic Epidemiological Cut-Off Values. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00503
[43]
Silva, L.M. and Ferreira, I.M. (2014) Influence of Seasons in Raw Water Quality in Ituitaba-MG. Hygeia—Revista Brasileira de Geografia Médica e da Saúde, 10, 97-105. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320290749_INFLUENCIA_DA_SAZONALIDADE_NA_QUA LIDADE_DA_AGUA_BRUTA_NO_MUNICIPIO_DE_ITUIUTABA-MG_INFLUENCE_OF_SEASONALITY_ ON_THE_QUALITY_OF_RAW_WATER_IN_THE_MUNICIPALITY_OF_ITUIUTABA-MG
[44]
Silva, A.S., Barros, L.S.S., Lima, D.V. and Velame, D.S. (2018) Aeromonas spp in Fish and in Continental Waters. Brazilian Journal of Hygiene and Animal Sanity, 12, 351-384.
http://www.higieneanimal.ufc.br/seer/index.php/higieneanimal/article/view/487/2418
https://doi.org/10.5935/1981-2965.20180034
[45]
Hirsch, D., Pereira, D.J.J., Logato, P.V.R., Piccoli, R.H. and Figueiredo, H.C.P. (2006) Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Motile Aeromonas Isolated from Fish and Aquatic Environment. Science and Agrotechnology, 30, 1211-1217.
[46]
Ahmed, M.A.M, Hoda, M.Z., Nibal, A.H. and Nihad, A.M.E.N. (2014) Phenotyping, Virulence Characteristics of Aeromonas Species and the Effects of Essential Plant Oils as Antimicrobial Agents against Pathogenic Isolates from Different Sources. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10, 21-35.
https://doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2014.21.35
[47]
Carneiro, M.S. and Rossi Jr., O.D. (2007) Bacteria of the Genus Aeromonas in the Flow Chart of Type A Milk Processing and Its Behavior with Antimicrobials. Archives of the Biological Institute, 73, 271-276.
http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/uploads/docs/arq/v73_3/carneiro.pdf
