NISSEN S, SHARP R, RAY M, et al. Effect of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1996, 81(5):2095-2104.
[2]
VAN KOEVERING M, NISSEN S. Oxidation of leucine and α-ketoisocaproate to β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in vivo[J]. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1992, 262(1):E27-E31.
[3]
NISSEN S L, ABUMRAD N N. Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)[J]. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1997, 8(6):300-311.
[4]
SABOURIN P J, BIEBER L L. Formation of β-hydroxyisovalerate by an α-ketoisocaproate oxygenase in human liver[J]. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 1983, 32(2):160-164.
[5]
VUKOVICH M D, SLATER G, MACCHI M B, et al. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) kinetics and the influence of glucose ingestion in humans[J]. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2001, 12:631-639.
[6]
OSTASZEWSKI P, KOZLOWSKA E, SIWICKI A K, et al. The immunomodulating activity of dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) in weanling pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1998, 76(Suppl. 1):136. (Abstr.)
[7]
KOVARIK M, MUTHNY T, SISPERA L, et al. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate treatment in different types of skeletal muscle of intact and septic rats[J]. Journal of Physiology Biochemistry, 2010, 66:311-319.
[8]
SOARES J M C, PVOAS S, NEUPARTH M J, et al. The effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle atrophy induced by immobilization[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2001, 33(5):140. (Abstr.)
[9]
MOORE D T, FERKET P R, MOZDZIAK P E. The effect of early nutrition on satellite cell dynamics in the young turkey[J]. Poultry Science, 2005, 84(5):748-756.
[10]
UNI Z, FERKET P R, TAKO E, et al. In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos[J]. Poultry Science, 2005, 84(5):764-770.
[11]
KORNASIO R, HALEVY O, KEDAR O, et al. Effect of in ovo feeding and its interaction with timing of first feed on glycogen reserves, muscle growth, and body weight[J]. Poultry Science, 2011, 90:1467-1477.
[12]
FOYE O T, FERKET P R, UNI Z. The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, and protein on jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults[J]. Poultry Science, 2007, 86:2343-2349.
[13]
FOYE O T, UNI Z, FERKET P R. Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and carbohy-drates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys[J]. Poultry Science, 2006, 85:1185-1192.
[14]
JWKO E, OSTASZEWSKI P, JANK M, et al. Creatine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program[J]. Nutrition, 2001, 17(7):558-566.
[15]
VUKOVICH M D, NANCY B, STUBBS N B, et al. Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2001, 131:2049-2052.
[16]
CLARK R H, FELEKE G, DIN M, et al. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting using β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [J]. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2000, 224(3):133-139.
[17]
BAXTER J H, MUKERJI P, VOSS A C, et al. Attenuating protein degradation and enhancing protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in stressed animal model systems[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2006, 38:S550-S551.
[18]
ELEY H L, RUSSELL S T, BAXTER J H, et al. Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli[J]. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2007, 293(Suppl.4):E923-E931.
OSTASZEWSKI P, KOSTIUK S, BAASI N '' SKA B, et al. The leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) modifies protein turnover in muscles of laboratory rats and domestic chickens in vitro[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2000, 84(1/2):1-8.
[21]
SMITH H J, MUKERJI P, TISDALE M J. Attenuation of proteasome-induced proteolysis in skeletal muscle by β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in cancer-induced muscle loss[J]. Cancer Research, 2005, 65(1):277-283.
[22]
ELEY H L, RUSSELL S T, TISDALE M J. Mechanism of attenuation of muscle protein degradation induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and angiotensin Ⅱ by β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate[J]. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008, 295(6):E1417-E1426.
[23]
NISSEN S, PANTON L, FULLER J, Jr. , et al. Effect of feeding β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on body composition and strength of women[J]. FASEB Journal, 1997, 11(3):A150. (Abstr.)
[24]
HOFFMAN J R, COOPER J, WENDELL M, et al. Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, 18(4):747-752.
[25]
DOHM G L. Protein nutrition for the athlete[J]. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 1984, 3(3):595-604.
[26]
NISSEN S, SHARP R L, PANTON L, et al. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in humans is safe and may decrease cardiovascular risk factors[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2000, 130(8):1937-1945.
[27]
RATHMACHER J A, NISSEN S, PANTON L, et al. Supplementation with a combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine is safe and could improve hematological parameters[J]. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2004, 8:65-75.
[28]
MAY P E, BARBER A, D''OLIMPIO J T, et al. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine[J]. American Journal of Surgery, 2002, 183(4):471-479.
[29]
RUSSELL S T, TISDALE M J. Mechanism of attenuation by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate of muscle protein degradation induced by lipopolysaccharide[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2009, 330(Suppl.1/2):171-179.
[30]
KORNASIO R, RIEDERER I, BUTLER-BROWNE G, et al. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation and survival via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2009, 1793(Suppl.5):755-763.
