The effect of daily consumption of a yogurt containing Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects was evaluated by performing a prospective, randomized, double-blind, cross-over placebo controlled clinical study. Participants consumed daily a yogurt containing L. reuteri CRL 1098 or a placebo for four weeks, separated by a wash-out period. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein levels were assessed at the beginning and at the end of each period. We found a statistically significant reduction of total (–7.86 g/dl) and LDL (–7.02 g/dl) cholesterol in absolute changes (before-after) as well as a decreasing trend in the group receiving the yogurt containing L. reuteri with respect to the placebo group, without detecting changes in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Our results suggest that low amounts of yogurt (125 g/day) and low doses of the CRL 1098 strain (106 CFU) are sufficient to reduce total and LDL-cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
References
[1]
Puska, P., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A., Salonen, J.T., Vartiainen, E., Pietinen, P., Koskela, K. and Korhonen, H.J. (1989) The North Karelia Project: 15 Years of Community-Based Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Annals of Medicine, 21, 169-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853898909149928
[2]
Roy, S. (2014) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Evidence-Based Management of Cholesterol. North American Journal of Medical Science, 6, 191-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.132916
[3]
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (Adult Treatment Panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2486-2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
[4]
World Health Organization (2014) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014.
http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-status-report-2014/en/
[5]
Chen, G., Wang H., Zhang, X. and Tian, Yang S. (2014) Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in the Management of Hyperlipidemia. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54, 1180-1201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.629354
[6]
Jones, M.L., Tomaro-Duchesneau, C., Martoni, C.J. and Prakash, S. (2013) Cholesterol Lowering with Bile Salt Hydrolase-Active Probiotic Bacteria, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Evidence, and Future Direction for Heart Health Applications. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 13, 631-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2013.758706
[7]
Kumar, M., Nagpal, R., Kumar, R., Hemalatha, R., Verma, V., Kumar, A., Chakraborty, C.H., Singh, B., Marotta, F., Jain, S. and Yadav, H. (2012) Cholesterol-Lowering Probiotics as Potential Biotherapeutics for Metabolic Diseases. Experimental Diabetes Research, 2012, 2-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902917
[8]
Ooi, L.-G. and Liong, M.-T. (2010) Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Review of in Vivo and in Vitro Findings. International Journal of Molecular Science, 11, 2499-2522.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms11062499
[9]
Pereira, D.I.A. and Gibson, G.R. (2002) Effects of Consumption of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Serum Lipid Levels in Humans. Critical Reviews Biochemistry Molecular Biology, 37, 259-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409230290771519
[10]
Ataie-Jafari, A., Larijani, B. and Majd, H.A. (2009) Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Probiotic Yogurt in Comparison with Ordinary Yogurt in Mildly to Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Annals Nutrition and Metabolism, 54, 22-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000203284
[11]
Xiao, J.Z., Kondo, S., Takahashi, N., Miyaji, K., Oshida, K., Hiramatsu, A., Iwatsuki, K., Kokubo, S. and Hosono, A. (2003) Effects of Milk Products Fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on Blood Lipids in Rats and Healthy Adult Male Volunteers. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2452-2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73839-9
[12]
Anderson, J.W. and Gilliland, S.E. (1999) Effect of Fermented Milk (Yogurt) Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on Serum Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18, 43-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718826
[13]
De Roos, N.M., Schouten, G. and Katan, M.B. (1999) Yogurt Enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus Does Not Lower Blood Lipids in Healthy Men and Women with Normal to Borderline High Serum Cholesterol Levels. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 277-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600722
[14]
Lewis, S.J. and Burmeister, S. (2005) A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Plasma Lipids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 776-780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602139
[15]
Simons, L.A., Armansec, S.G. and Conway, P. (2006) Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on Serum Lipids in Subjects with Elevated Serum. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, 16, 531-535.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2005.10.009
[16]
Taranto, M.P., Medici, M., Perdigon, G., Ruiz Holgado, A.P. and Valdez, G.F. (2000) Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on the Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia in Mice. Journal of Dairy Science, 83, 401-403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74895-8
[17]
Taranto, M.P., Medici, M., Perdigon, G., Ruiz Holgado, A.P. and Valdez, G.F. (1998) Evidence for Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 2336-2340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)70123-7
[18]
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). (2010)
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0aGVpcGFxfGd4OjJhOTZhOGFhMWNjNzI0NTI
[19]
Salas-Salvadó, J., Fernandez-Ballart, J., Ros, E., Martinez-Gonzalez, N.A. et al., PREDIMED Study Investigators. (2008) Effect of the Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Nuts on Metabolic Syndrome Status. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168, 2449-2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.22.2449
[20]
World Health Organization (2001) STEPwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS).
http://www.who.int/chp/steps/Instrumento_STEPS_v2.1_ES.pdf
[21]
Agerbaek, M., Gerdes, L.U. and Richelsen, B. (1995) Hypocholesterolaemic Effect of a New Fermented Milk Product in Healthy Middle-Aged Men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49, 346-352.
[22]
Agerholm-Larsen, L., Raben, A., Haulrik, N., Hansen, A.S., Manders, M. and Astrup, A. (2000) Effect of 8 Week Intake of Probiotic Milk Products on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 288-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600937
[23]
Bertolami, M.C., Faludi, A.A. and Batlouni, M. (1999) Evaluation of the Effects of a New Fermented Milk Product (Gaio) on Primary Hypercholesterolemia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 97-101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600683
[24]
Sessions, V.A., Lovegrove, J.A., Dean, T.S., Williams, C.M., Sanders, T.A.B., Macdonald, I.A. and Salter, A.M. (1998) The Effect of a New Fermented Milk Product on Plasma Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B Concentrations in Middle- Aged Men and Women. In: Sadler, M.J. and Saltmarch, M., Eds., Functional Foods—The Consumer, the Products and the Evidence, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 15-19.
[25]
Schaafsma, G., Meuling, W.J., Van Dokkum, W. and Bouley, C. (1998) Effects of a Milk Product, Fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with Fructo-Oligosaccharides Added, on Blood Lipids in Male Volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 436-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600583
[26]
Lin, S.Y., Ayres, J.W., Winkler Jr., W. and Sandine, W.E. (1989) Lactobacillus Effects on Cholesterol: In Vitro and in Vivo Results. Journal of Dairy Science, 72, 2885-2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79439-X
[27]
Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh, H., Elmadfa, I., Djazayery, A., Jalali, M., Heshmat, R. and Chamary, M. (2010) The Effects of Probiotic and Conventional Yoghurt on Lipid Profile in Women. British Journal of Nutrition, 103, 1778-1783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509993801
[28]
Jones, M.L., Martoni, C.J., Parent, M. and Prakash, S. (2012) Cholesterol-Lowering Efficacy of a Microencapsulated Bile Salt Hydrolase-Active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 Yoghurt Formulation in Hypercholesterolaemic Adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 107, 1505-1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511004703
[29]
Jones, M.L., Martoni, C.J. and Prakash, S. (2012) Cholesterol Lowering and Inhibition of Sterol Absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: A Randomized Controlled Trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 1234- 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.126
[30]
Guo, Z., Liu, X.M., Zhang, Q.X., Shen, Z., Tian, F.W., Zhang, H., Sun, Z.H., Zhang, H.P. and Chen, W. (2011) Influence of Consumption of Probiotics on the Plasma Lipid Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, 21, 844-850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.04.008
[31]
Manson, J.E., Tosteson, H., Satterfield, S., Hebert, P., O’Connor, G.T., Buring, J.E. and Hennekens, C.H. (1992) The Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1406-1416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199205213262107
