Tilmicosin was administered intravenously and
subcutaneously at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg bwt to determine its concentration in
blood and bronchial secretion as well as its kinetic behavior in healthy and Pasteurella
haemolytica type A1-infected calves. Sever acute bronchopneumonia was
induced in 10 calves by inoculating them intra-tracheally with P.
haemolytica type A1. The calves were treated with tilmicosin; 5 of these
received the drug intravenously and the other 5 were injected subcutaneously. After
a slow intravenous injection, the serum concentration-time curve indicated a
two compartment open model with a mean elimination half-lives (t1/2bs) of 22.09 and 22.14 hours before and after infection, respectively. The
mean residence time (MRT) corrected for a bolus injection was 2.25 and 2.20
hours and the mean MRTinf was 25.27 and 25.46 hours in healthy and P.
haemolytica-infected calves, respectively. After subcutaneous injection, the drug was
eliminated more slowly (before and after infection) from serum and bronchial
secretions, with t1/2bs of (24.60 and 25.85 hours) and (33.74 and 31.78
hours), respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (V
References
[1]
Vermeersch, H., Vandenbossche, G., Remon, J.P., Samyn, W., Vandendriessche, K., Sustronck, B., et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetics of Nebulized Sodium Ceftiofur in Calves. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19, 152-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00029.x
[2]
Scott, P.R. (1995) Efficacy of Strategic Tilmicosin Injection during an Outbreak of Respiratory Disease in Housed Beef Calves. British Veterinary Journal, 151, 587-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80030-2
[3]
Dyer, R.M. (1982) The Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: A Complex Interaction of Host, Environment and Infectious Factors. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 4, S296-S304.
[4]
Confer, A.W., Panciera, R.J., Corstvet, R.E., Rummage, J.A. and Fulton, R.W. (1984) Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis: Effects of Culture Age of Pasteurella haemolytica Used as Live Vaccine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 2543-2545.
[5]
Gibbs, H.A., Allan, E.M., Wiseman, A. and Selman, I.E. (1984) Experimental Production of Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 37, 154-166.
[6]
Ames, T.R., Markham, R.J., Opuda-Asibo, J., Leininger, J.R. and Maheswaran, S.K. (1985) Pulmonary Response to Intratracheal Challenge with Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 49, 395-400.
[7]
Sustronck, B., Deprez, P., Muylle, E., Vermeersch, H., Vandenbossche, G. and Remon, J.P. (1995) Evaluation of the Nebulisation of Sodium Ceftiofur in the Treatment of Experimental Pasteurella haemolytica Bronchopneumonia in Calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 59, 267-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(95)90015-2
[8]
Thompson, T.D., Laudert, S.B., Chamberland, S. and Lawrence, K. (1994) Micotil: Pharmacokinetics of Tilmicosin, a Semi-Synthetic Macrolide Antibiotic, in Acutely Pneumonic Cattle and Primary Bovine Alveolar Macrophages. 6th European Association for Vet Pharmacology and Therapeutics Congress, Edinburgh, 7-11 August 1994, 31-32.
[9]
Scott, P.R. (1995) A Field Study of Respiratory Disease Affecting Housed Beef Calves in the United Kingdom. Cattle Practice, 3, 393-401.
[10]
Musser, J., Mechor, G.D., Grohn, Y.T., Dubovi, E.J. and Shin, S. (1996) Comparison of Tilmicosin in with Long-Acting Oxytetracycline for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208, 102-106.
[11]
Hartman, E.G. and Geryl, J. (1993) Comparison between the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Tilmicosin and Oxytetracycline for Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurella haemolytica Isolates. Veterinary Quarterly, 15, 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1993.9694404
[12]
Ziv, G., Shem-Tov, M., Glickman, A., Winkler, M. and Saran, A. (1995) Tilmicosin Antibacterial Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Cows. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18, 340-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00601.x
[13]
Friis, C. and Agerso, H. (1998) Penetration of Amoxycillin to the Respiratory Tract Tissues and Secretions in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infected Pigs. Research in Veterinary Science, 64, 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90134-5
[14]
Carter, G.R. (1984) Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 4th Edition, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 129-142.
[15]
Bennett, J.V., Brodie, J.L., Benner, E.J. and Kirby, W.M.H. (1966) Simplified, Accurate Method for Antibiotic Assay of Clinical Specimens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 14, 170-177.
[16]
Thompson, T.D., Laudert, S.B., Chamberland, S. and Lawrence, K. (1994) Micotil: Pharmacokinetics of Tilmicosin, a Semi-Syntheticmacrolide Antibiotic, in Acutely Pneumonic Cattle and Primary Bovine Alveolarmacrophages. Proceedings of the 6th European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Edinburgh, 7-11 August 1994, 31.
[17]
Baggot, J.D. (1987) Some Aspects of Clinical Pharmacokinetics in Veterinary Medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1, 5-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00300.x
[18]
Gibaldi, M. (1984) Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 3rd Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 45-111.
[19]
SAS Institute (1982) SAS User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, 191-193.
[20]
Ramadan, A. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of Tilmicosin in Serum and Milk of Goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 62, 48-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90179-X
[21]
Riviere, J.E., Craigmill, A.L. and Sundlof, S.F. (1990) Handbook of Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Residues of Veterinary Antimicrobials. CRS Press Inc., Boca Raton, 229.
[22]
Barragry, T. (1991) Macrolide Antibiotics. Irish Veterinary News, May 1991.
[23]
Gilman, A.G., Goodman, L.S. and Gilman, A. (1980) Goodman and Gilman’s: “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”. 6th Edition, Macmillan, New York, 21.
[24]
Parker, R.M., Patel, R.K.P. and Simmons, H.A. (1994) The Pharmacokinetics of Tilmicosin in Sheep. Proceedings of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6th International Congress, Edinburgh, 7-11 August 1994, 226-227.
[25]
Ose, E.E. and Tonkinson, L.V. (1988) Single-Dose Treatment of Neonatal Calf Pneumonia with the New Macrolide Antibiotic Tilmicosin. Veterinary Record, 123, 367-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.123.14.367
[26]
Gourlay, R.N., Thomas, L.H., Wyld, S.G. and Smith, C.J. (1989) Effect of a New Macrolide Antibiotic (Tilmicosin) on Pneumonia Experimentally Induced in Calves by Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica. Research in Veterinary Science, 47, 84-89.
[27]
Mee, J.F. and O’Farrell, K. (1991) Tilmicosin and Calf Pneumonia. Veterinary Record, 128, 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.19.460-a
[28]
Laven, R. and Andrews, A.H. (1991) Long-Acting Antibiotic Formulations in the Treatment of Calf Pneumonia: A Comparative Study of Tilmicosin and Oxytetracycline. Veterinary Record, 129, 109-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.6.109
[29]
Smith, R.A., Gill, D.R. and van Koevering, M.T. (1993) Effects of Tilmicosin or Ceftiofur on Health and Performance of Stressed Stocker Cattle. Animal Science Research Report, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, No. P 933, Stillwater, 308-311.
[30]
Fodor, L., Varga, J., Gallowitsch, F., Horvath-Papp, I., Miklos, G., Lajcsak, A. and Harmath, A. (1993) Treatment of Calf Pneumonia with Tilmicosin. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 41, 41-49.
[31]
Morck, D.W., Merrill, J.K., Thorlakson, B.E., Olson, M.E., Tonkinson, L.V. and Costerton, J.W. (1993) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202, 273-277.
[32]
Walters, J., Brown, D.R. and Tarrant, M.E. (1994) Efficacy of Pulmotil (Tilmicosin in Premix Form) against Naturally-Occurring Pneumonia in Growing-Fattening Pigs. Proceedings of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6th International Congress, Edinburgh, 7-11 August 1994, 202-203.
[33]
Allan, E.M., Gibbs, H.A., Wiseman, A. and Selman I.E. (1983) Pasteurella haemolytica Pneumonia in Weaned Housed Single Suckled Calves. Veterinary Record, 112, 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.112.14.327
[34]
Whiteley, L.O., Maheswaran, S.K., Weiss, D.J., Ames, T.R. and Kannan, M.S. (1992) Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and Bovine Respiratory Disease: Pathogenesis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6, 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00980.x
[35]
Grunau, H. (1992) Field Trial of Tilmicosin for Endemic Bronchopneumonia of Beef Calves. Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 103.
[36]
Grunau, H. and Klee, W. (1993) Field Trial of the Treatment of Enzootic Bronchopneumonia in Beef Calves with a New Macrolide Antibiotic, Tilmicosin. Praktische Tierarzt, 74, 210-218.
[37]
Winter, T. and Hofmann, W. (1994) Treatment of Chronic Bronchopneumonia in Calves with the Macrolide Antibiotic Tilmicosin. PraktischeTierarzt, 75, 302-308.
