With the growing demand for quality-of-service (QoS) aware routing protocol in wireless networks, QoS-based routing has emerged as an interesting research topic. Quality of service guarantee in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is difficult and more challenging due to the fact that the available resources of sensors and the various applications running over these networks have different constraints in their nature and requirements. In this paper, we present a heuristic neighbor selection mechanism in WSNs that uses the geographic routing mechanism combined with the QoS requirements to provide multiobjective QoS routing (MQoSR) for different application requirements. The problem of providing QoS routing is formulated as link, and path-based metrics. The link-based metrics are partitioned in terms of reliability, delay, distance to sink, and energy, and the path-based metrics are presented in terms of end-to-end delay, reliability of data transmission, and network lifetime. The simulation results demonstrate that MQoSR protocol is able to achieve the delay requirements, and due to optimum path selection process, the achieved data delivery ratio is always above the required one. MQoSR protocol outperforms the existing model in the literature remarkably in terms of reliable data transmission, time data delivery, and routing overhead and underlines the importance of energy-efficient solution to enhance network lifetime. 1. Introduction The open nature of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) recently attracted significant research attention [1]. The wide range of WSNs applications [2] in both civil and military domains and the fast growth of wireless networks indicate that the future network design will need to support various applications with different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements [3]. In QoS-based routing protocols, the network has to balance its traffic while improving the network performance. Researchers have proposed many metrics for QoS routing as a set of constraints which can be specified as a wireless link constraint or a path constraint. Link constraints specify the restriction on the use of links such as delay, while a path constraint specifies the end-to-end QoS requirement such as the data transmission reliability constraint. Thus, routing algorithms are required to find specific routes for each application requirements, frequently given in terms of objectives. In many applications, to extend the network lifetime is considered more important than the quality of data, and this is related to the reduction of the energy dissipation in the sensor
References
[1]
I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey,” Computer Network Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393–422, 2002.
[2]
J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal, “Wireless sensor network survey,” Computer Networks, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2292–2330, 2008.
[3]
D. Chen and P. K. Varshney, “QoS support in wireless sensor networks: a survey,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Networks, Las Vegas, Nev, USA, 2004.
[4]
J. H. Chang and L. Tassiulas, “Maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 609–619, 2004.
[5]
D. Kandris, M. Tsagkaropoulos, I. Politis, A. Tzes, and S. Kotsopoulos, “Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video routing over wireless multimedia sensor networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 591–607, 2011.
[6]
D. Kim, J. Kim, and K. H. Park, “An event-aware MAC scheduling for energy efficient aggregation in wireless sensor networks,” Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 225–240, 2011.
[7]
C. R. Lin and J. S. Liu, “QoS routing in ad hoc wireless networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1426–1438, 1999.
[8]
F. Xia, “QoS challenges and opportunities in wireless sensor/actuator networks,” Sensors, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1099–1110, 2008.
[9]
Y. Li, C. S. Chen, Y. Q. Song, and Z. Wang, “Real-time QoS support in wireless sensor networks: a survey,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Fieldbuses and Networks in Industrial and Imbedded Systems, Toulouse, France, 2007.
[10]
K. Akkaya and M. F. Younis, “Energy and QoS aware routing in wireless sensor networks,” Cluster Computing, vol. 8, no. 2-3, pp. 179–188, 2005.
[11]
Z. Wang and J. Crowcroft, “Quality-of-service routing for supporting multimedia applications,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1228–1234, 1996.
[12]
Y. Chen, N. Nasser, T. El Salti, and H. Zhang, “A multipath QoS routing protocol in wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of Sensor Networks, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 207–216, 2010.
[13]
N. Nasser and Y. Chen, “SEEM: secure and energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 30, no. 11-12, pp. 2401–2412, 2007.
[14]
I. Stojmenovic, “Position-based routing in ad hoc networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 128–134, 2002.
[15]
K. Seada, M. Zuniga, A. Helmy, and B. Krishnamachari, “Energy-efficient forwarding strategies for geographic routing in lossy wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys '04), pp. 108–121, Baltimore, Md, USA, November 2004.
[16]
D. Chen and P. K. Varshney, “A survey of void handling techniques for geographic routing in wireless networks,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 50–67, 2007.
[17]
K. Sohrab, J. Gao, V. Ailawadh, and G. J. Pottie, “Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network,” IEEE Personal Communications Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 16–27, 2000.
[18]
K. Akkaya and M. Younis, “An energy-aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Providence, RI, USA, 2003.
[19]
T. He, J. A. Stankovic, C. Lu, and T. Abdelzaher, “SPEED: a stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 23th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 46–55, Providence, RI, USA, May 2003.
[20]
E. Felemban, C. G. Lee, and E. Ekici, “MMSPEED: multipath Multi-SPEED protocol for QoS guarantee of reliability and timeliness in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 738–753, 2006.
[21]
J. Chen, R. Lin, Y. Li, and Y. Sun, “LQER: a link quality estimation based routing for wireless sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1025–1038, 2008.
[22]
B. C. Villaverde, S. Rea, and D. Pesch, “Multi-objective cross-layer algorithm for routing over wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM '09), pp. 568–574, Glyfada, Greece, June 2009.
[23]
R. Jurdak, P. Baldi, and C. V. Lopes, “Adaptive low power listening for wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 988–1004, 2007.
[24]
X. Huang and Y. Fang, “Multiconstrained QoS multipath routing in wireless sensor networks,” ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 465–478, 2008.
[25]
A. B. Bagula and K. G. Mazandu, “Energy eonstrained multipath routing in wireless sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, pp. 453–467, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
[26]
H. Alwan and A. Agarwal, “A survey on fault tolerant routing techniques in wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM '09), pp. 366–371, Glyfada, Greece, June 2009.
[27]
J. Ben-Othman and B. Yahya, “Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 849–857, 2010.
[28]
W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Siences (HICSS-33 '00), p. 223, Hawaii, USA, January 2000.
[29]
H. Alwan and A. Agarwal, “Multi-objective reliable multipath routing for wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC '10), pp. 1227–1231, Miami, Fla, USA, December 2010.
[30]
A. M. Popescu, G. I. Tudorache, B. Peng, and A. H. Kemp, “Surveying position based routing protocols for wireless sensor and Ad-Hoc networks,” International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 41–67, 2012.
[31]
H. Takagi and L. Kleinrock, “Optimal Transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 246–257, 1984.
[32]
T. Houngbadji and S. Pierre, “QoSNET: an integrated QoS network for routing protocols in large scale wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1334–1342, 2010.
[33]
D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin, “Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '01), pp. 251–254, October 2001.
