Biosensing has been one of the hottest topic attracting scientific minds since long back. It is so as biological entities are very complex and are directly associated with the existence of a healthy environment. The design of biosensors also has witnessed significant changes in the recent past. Biosensors for applications as diverse as food quality estimation, environmental monitoring, and diagnosis of clinical and metabolic complications have come to the fore. Nanotechnology has bestowed some highly exciting ingredients for the improvement of sensing phenomenon. The use of diverse nanomaterials ranging from nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires has enabled faster detection and its reproducibility in a much better way. The unique properties of nanomaterials such as high electrical conductivity, better shock bearing ability, and the sensitive responses such as piezoelectric and versatile color based detection mechanisms are only the results of congregation of nanomaterial properties. This paper highlights the different types of biosensors based on different types of nanomaterials and their developmental and implicational aspects. 1. Introduction Sensing the biological responses has assumed great significance in the current scenario of ever dynamic environmental developments and corresponding altered homeostatic happenings occurring at both in vivo as well as ex vivo levels. The analysis of behavior of the ever changing materials has assumed great significance in areas like pharmaceutical diagnosis, screening food quality, and environmental applications. In this reference, the development of efficient biosensors which can analyze the minutest details of the biological interactions even at a very small scale and with extreme precision and maximum ever possible sensitivities deserves urgent attention [1]. A key component of the biosensing is the transduction mechanisms which are responsible for converting the responses of bioanalyte interactions in an identifiable and reproducible manner using the conversion of specific biochemical reaction energy into an electrical form through the use of transduction mechanisms. Nanomaterials can be wonderful incumbents in this dimension as they have high surface area to volume ratios which allow the surface to be used in a better and far more diversely functional manner. Moreover, their electromechanical properties are the wonderful assets for the biosensor technology. Nanostructural wonders provided by nanotechnology have revolutionized the happenings in the domain of molecular biology which have provided an
References
[1]
V. Dzyadevych, V. N. Arkhypova, A. P. Soldatkin, et al., “Amperometric enzyme biosensors: past, present and future Biocapteurs enzymatiques à transduction ampérométrique: passé, présent, futur,” Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile, vol. 29, pp. 171–180, 2008.
[2]
P. T. Kissinger, “Biosensors—a perspective,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2512–2516, 2005.
[3]
C. Jianrong, M. Yuqing, H. Nongyue, W. Xiaohua, and L. Sijiao, “Nanotechnology and biosensors,” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 505–518, 2004.
[4]
J. J. Davis, K. S. Coleman, B. R. Azamian, C. B. Bagshaw, and M. L. H. Green, “Chemical and biochemical sensing with modified single walled carbon nanotubes,” Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 3732–3739, 2003.
[5]
S. Sotiropoulou, V. Gavalas, V. Vamvakaki, and N. A. Chaniotakis, “Novel carbon materials in biosensor systems,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 18, no. 2-3, pp. 211–215, 2003.
[6]
Y.-D. Zhao, W.-D. Zhang, H. Chen, Q.-M. Luo, and S. F. Y. Li, “Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase at carbon nanotube powder microelectrode,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 168–172, 2002.
[7]
X. Luo, A. Morrin, A. J. Killard, and M. R. Smyth, “Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors,” Electroanalysis, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 319–326, 2006.
[8]
E. Katz, I. Willner, and J. Wang, “Electroanalytical and bioelectroanalytical systems based on metal and semiconductor nanoparticles,” Electroanalysis, vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 19–44, 2004.
[9]
J. Wang, “Nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA detection,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 500, no. 1-2, pp. 247–257, 2003.
[10]
A. Merkoci, M. Aldavert, S. Marín, et al., “New materials for electrochemical sensing. V: nanoparticles for DNA labeling,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 341–349, 2005.
[11]
J. Wang, G. Liu, R. Polsky, and A. Merko？i, “Electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticle tags,” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 722–726, 2002.
[12]
N. Zhu, A. Zhang, P. He, and Y. Fang, “Cadmium sulfide nanocluster-based electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization,” Analyst, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 260–264, 2003.
[13]
Y. Huang, W. Zhang, H. Xiao, and G. Li, “An electrochemical investigation of glucose oxidase at a CdS nanoparticles modified electrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 817–821, 2005.
[14]
Y. Cui, Q. Wei, H. Park, and C. M. Lieber, “Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species,” Science, vol. 293, no. 5533, pp. 1289–1292, 2001.
[15]
E. Stern, J. F. Klemic, D. A. Routenberg et al., “Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7127, pp. 519–522, 2007.
[16]
R. MacKenzie, V. Auzelyte, S. Olliges, et al., “Nanowire development and characterization for applications in biosensing,” Nanosystems Design and Technology, pp. 143–173, 2009.
[17]
F. A. Rahim, Tunable Surface Assembly of Gold Nanorods for Biosensor Applications, Division of Bioengineering; Nanyang Technological University.
[18]
A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky et al., “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nature Materials, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 867–871, 2009.
[19]
S. Ramanathan, S. Patibandla, S. Bandyopadhyay, J. D. Edwards, and J. Anderson, “Fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy of electrochemically self assembled ZnO nanowires: evidence of the quantum confined Stark effect,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 651–655, 2006.
[20]
L. Chen, B. Gu, G. Zhu, Y. Wu, S. Liu, and C. Xu, “Electron transfer properties and electrocatalytic behavior of tyrosinase on ZnO nanorod,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 617, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2008.
[21]
F. Qu, M. Yang, Y. Lu, G. Shen, and R. Yu, “Amperometric determination of bovine insulin based on synergic action of carbon nanotubes and cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles stabilized by EDTA,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 386, no. 2, pp. 228–234, 2006.
[22]
P. Van Gerwen, W. Laureyn, W. Laureys et al., “Nanoscaled interdigitated electrode arrays for biochemical sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. B49, no. 1-2, pp. 73–80, 1998.
[23]
S. C. Pak, W. Penrose, and P. J. Hesketh, “An ultrathin platinum film sensor to measure biomolecular binding,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 371–379, 2001.
[24]
B. Bhushan, “Nanotribology and nanomechanics of MEMS/NEMS and BioMEMS/BioNEMS materials and devices,” Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 387–412, 2007.
[25]
S. Zeng, K.-T. Yong, I. Roy, X.-Q. Dinh, X. Yu, and F. Luan, “A review on functionalized gold nanoparticles for biosensing applications,” Plasmonics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 491–506, 2011.
[26]
K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, “The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 668–677, 2003.
[27]
A. J. Haes and R. P. Van Duyne, “A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 35, pp. 10596–10604, 2002.
[28]
N. Nath and A. Chilkoti, “A colorimetric gold nanoparticle sensor to interrogate biomolecular interactions in real time on a surface,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 504–509, 2002.
[29]
R. Chakrabarti and A. M. Klibanov, “Nanocrystals modified with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for selective self-assembly and DNA detection,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, no. 41, pp. 12531–12540, 2003.
[30]
J. I. Reyes De Corcuera and R. P. Cavalieri, “Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food and Biological Engineering”.
[31]
X. Su, F. T. Chew, and S. F. Y. Li, “Design and application of piezoelectric quartz crystal-based immunoassay,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 107–114, 2000.
[32]
T. Liu, J. Tang, and L. Jiang, “The enhancement effect of gold nanoparticles as a surface modifier on DNA sensor sensitivity,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 313, no. 1, pp. 3–7, 2004.
[33]
J. Richardson, P. Hawkins, and R. Luxton, “The use of coated paramagnetic particles as a physical label in a magneto-immunoassay,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 16, no. 9–12, pp. 989–993, 2001.
[34]
Y. R. Chemla, H. L. Grossman, Y. Poon et al., “Ultrasensitive magnetic biosensor for homogeneous immunoassay,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 26, pp. 14268–14272, 2000.
[35]
H. Cai, C. Xu, P. He, and Y. Fang, “Colloid Au-enhanced DNA immobilization for the electrochemical detection of sequence-specific DNA,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 510, no. 1-2, pp. 78–85, 2001.
[36]
A. L. Crumbliss, S. C. Perine, J. Stonehuerner, K. R. Tubergen, J. Zhao, and R. W. Henkens, “Colloidal gold as a biocompatible immobilization matrix suitable for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes by electrodeposition,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 483–490, 1992.
[37]
J. Zhao, J. P. O'Daly, R. W. Henkens, J. Stonehuerner, and A. L. Crumbliss, “A xanthine oxidase/colloidal gold enzyme electrode for amperometric biosensor applications,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 493–502, 1996.
[38]
X. Xu, S. Liu, and H. Ju, “A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor via the direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified screen-printed electrode,” Sensors, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 350–360, 2003.
[39]
M. L. Curri, A. Agostiano, G. Leo, A. Mallardi, P. Cosma, and M. Della Monica, “Development of a novel enzyme/semiconductor nanoparticles system for biosensor application,” Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 449–452, 2002.
[40]
M. B. González-García, C. Fernández-Sánchez, and A. Costa-García, “Colloidal gold as an electrochemical label of streptavidin—biotin interaction,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 15, no. 5-6, pp. 315–321, 2000.
[41]
J. J. Davis, K. S. Coleman, B. R. Azamian, C. B. Bagshaw, and M. L. H. Green, “Chemical and biochemical sensing with modified single walled carbon nanotubes,” Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 3732–3739, 2003.
[42]
S. Sotiropoulou, V. Gavalas, V. Vamvakaki, and N. A. Chaniotakis, “Novel carbon materials in biosensor systems,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 18, no. 2-3, pp. 211–215, 2002.
[43]
B. R. Azamian, J. J. Davis, K. S. Coleman, C. B. Bagshaw, and M. L. H. Green, “Bioelectrochemical single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, no. 43, pp. 12664–12665, 2002.
[44]
A. Guiseppi-Elie, C. Lei, and R. H. Baughman, “Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 559–564, 2002.
[45]
J. Wang, “Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors: a review,” Electroanalysis, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2005.
[46]
Y. Cui and C. M. Lieber, “Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks,” Science, vol. 291, no. 5505, pp. 851–853, 2001.
[47]
J. Wang, “Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 469, no. 1, pp. 63–71, 2002.
[48]
B. M. Cullum, G. D. Griffin, G. H. Miller, and T. Vo-Dinh, “Intracellular measurements in mammary carcinoma cells using fiber-optic nanosensors,” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 277, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2000.
[49]
A. Umar, M. M. Rahman, A. Al-Hajry, and Y.-B. Hahn, “Highly-sensitive cholesterol biosensor based on well-crystallized flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures,” Talanta, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 284–289, 2009.
[50]
S. Yang, “Nanowires and nanobelts, materials, properties and devices,” in Nanowires and Nanobelts of Functional Materials, Z. L. Wang, Ed., vol. 2, pp. 209–238, Kluwer Academic, New York, NY, USA, 2003.
[51]
Y. Cui, Q. Wei, H. Park, and C. M. Lieber, “Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species,” Science, vol. 293, no. 5533, pp. 1289–1292, 2001.
[52]
B. Huang, F. Yu, and R. N. Zare, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging using a high numerical aperture microscope objective,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 2979–2983, 2007.
[53]
E. Stern, J. F. Klemic, D. A. Routenberg et al., “Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7127, pp. 519–522, 2007.
[54]
J. C. Pickup, F. Hussain, N. D. Evans, and N. Sachedina, “In vivo glucose monitoring: the clinical reality and the promise,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1897–1902, 2005.
[55]
J. Bolinder, U. Ungerstedt, and P. Arner, “Microdialysis measurement of the absolute glucose concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue allowing glucose monitoring in diabetic patients,” Diabetologia, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1177–1180, 1992.
[56]
T. G. Drummond, M. G. Hill, and J. K. Barton, “Electrochemical DNA sensors,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 21, pp. 1192–1199, 2003.
[57]
L. G. F？gerstam, A. Frostell, R. Karlsson et al., “Detection of antigen-antibody interactions by surface plasmon resonance. Application to epitope mapping,” Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 3, no. 5-6, pp. 208–214, 1990.
[58]
M. Alterman, H. Sjobom, P. Safsten et al., “P1/P1′ modified HIV protease inhibitors as tools in two new sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor screening assays,” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 203–212, 2001.
[59]
X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. K. Chung, and S. Nie, “In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 969–976, 2004.
[60]
M. G. Harisinghani, J. Barentsz, P. F. Hahn et al., “Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, no. 25, pp. 2491–2499, 2003.
[61]
J. Grimm, J. M. Perez, L. Josephson, and R. Weissleder, “Novel nanosensors for rapid analysis of telomerase activity,” Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 639–643, 2004.
[62]
J. B. Haun, T.-J. Yoon, H. Lee, and R. Weissleder, “Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 291–304, 2010.
[63]
E. J. Kim, Y. Lee, J. E. Lee, and M. B. Gu, “Application of recombinant fluorescent mammalian cells as a toxicity biosensor,” Water Science and Technology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 51–56, 2002.
[64]
H. J. Purohit, “Biosensors as molecular tools for use in bioremediation,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 293–301, 2003.
[65]
L. H. Larsen, T. Kj？r, and N. P. Revsbech, “A microscale NO3- biosensor for environmental applications,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 69, no. 17, pp. 3527–3531, 1997.
[66]
J. Kulys, I. J. Higgins, and J. V. Bannister, “Amperometric determination of phosphate ions by biosensor,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 187–191, 1992.
[67]
U. Wollenberger, F. Schubert, and F. W. Scheller, “Biosensor for sensitive phosphate detection,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 7, no. 1–3, pp. 412–415, 1992.
[68]
J. Ponmozhi, C. Frias, T. Marques, and O. Fraz？o, “Smart sensors/actuators for biomedical applications: review,” Measurement, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1675–1688, 2012.
[69]
T. Pradeep and A. Anshup, “Noble metal nanoparticles for water purification: a critical review,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 24, pp. 6441–6478, 2009.
