Aim. To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on water sorption and solubility of four adhesive systems. Materials and Methods. Sixteen disks of each adhesive system were prepared (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive (SA); Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive System (Adhesive + Primer) (SAP); Adper Single Bond Plus (SB); Adper Easy One (EO)). Specimens were desiccated until a constant mass was obtained and divided into two groups . One-half of the specimens were immersed in deionized water, while the other half were also immersed, but with daily exposure to tobacco smoke. After 21 days, disks were measured again and stored in desiccators until constant mass was achieved. Data were calculated according to ISO specifications and statistically analyzed. Results. The tobacco smoke only significantly affected the water sorption and solubility of EO. There were significant differences in both analyses among materials tested. The SB exhibited the highest water sorption, followed by EO, which demonstrated significantly higher solubility values than SB. The SA and SAP showed low water sorption and solubility, and there were no significant differences between the two. Conclusion. Regardless of smoke exposure, both simplified adhesive systems presented an inferior performance that could be related to the complex mixture of components in such versions. 1. Introduction Many studies have shown that cigarette smoking is associated with deleterious health effects such as heart disease [1], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer [2], fertility problems [3], and periodontal disease [4]. In cosmetic restorative dentistry, some of the substances coming from tobacco can be absorbed by resin composite, dentin, and enamel surface [5] and lead to tooth/composite discoloration [6–10]. Moreover, bond strength reduction has been described due to the fact that cigarette particles may prevent effective contact between dentin and resin composite [11]. The mainstream smoke emitted from the mouth end is complex and composed by many physical and chemical processes [12]. In general, smoke formation is mostly produced by combustion and pyrolysis reactions and can be classified in two distinct phases. The first is called the vapour phase, consisting mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acetaldehyde, methane, hydrogen cyanide, nitric acid, and acetone. The second category is the particulate phase. It consists of nicotine, water, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines ranging from 0.1 to 1.0？μm in diameter [12–17]. Beside many research reports on the staining
References
[1]
J. M. Bradley, J. B. Nguyen, A. C. Fournett, and J. D. Gardner, “Cigarette smoke exacerbates ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in the volume overloaded heart,” Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 91–98, 2012.
[2]
A. G. Schwartz, “Genetic epidemiology of cigarette smoke-induced lung disease,” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 22–26, 2012.
[3]
C. Dechanet, T. Anahory, J. C. Mathieu Daude et al., “Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction,” Human Reproduction Update, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 76–95, 2011.
[4]
U. Van der Velden, A. Varoufaki, J. W. Hutter et al., “Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora: a retrospective study,” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 603–610, 2003.
[5]
C. Y. G. Takeuchi, A. M. Corrêa-Afonso, H. Pedrazzi, W. Dinelli, and R. G. Palma-Dibb, “Deposition of lead and cadmium released by cigarette smoke in dental structures and resin composite,” Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 287–291, 2011.
[6]
J. Z. Bazzi, M. J. Bindo, R. N. Rached, R. F. Mazur, S. Vieira, and E. M. de Souza, “The effect of at-home bleaching and toothbrushing on removal of coffee and cigarette smoke stains and color stability of enamel,” Journal of the American Dental Association, vol. 143, no. 5, pp. e1–e7, 2012.
[7]
P. Mathias, T. A. Rossi, A. N. Cavalcanti, M. J. P. Lima, C. M. Fontes, and G. D. R. Nogueira-Filho, “Cigarette smoke combined with staining beverages decreases luminosity and increases pigmentation in composite resin restorations,” Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 66–70, 2011.
[8]
P. Mathias, L. Costa, L. O. Saraiva, T. A. Rossi, A. N. Cavalcanti, and G. da Rocha Nogueira-Filho, “Morphologic texture characterization allied to cigarette smoke increase pigmentation in composite resin restorations,” Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 252–259, 2010.
[9]
P. Mathias, L. D. G. Silva, L. de Oliveira Saraiva et al., “Effect of surface sealant and repolishing procedures on the color of composite resin exposed to cigarette smoke,” General Dentistry, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 331–335, 2010.
[10]
M. N. Alkhatib, R. D. Holt, and R. Bedi, “Smoking and tooth discolouration: findings from a national cross-sectional study,” BMC Public Health, vol. 5, article 27, 2005.
[11]
J. S. Almeida e Silva, E. M. de Araujo Jr., and E. Araujo, “Cigarette smoke affects bonding to dentin,” General Dentistry, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 326–330, 2010.
[12]
C. Liu, S. Feng, J. Van Heemst, and K. G. McAdam, “New insights into the formation of volatile compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 396, no. 5, pp. 1817–1830, 2010.
[13]
M. F. Dube and C. R. Green, “Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes,” Recent Advances in Tobacco Science, vol. 8, pp. 42–102, 1982.
[14]
C. J. Smith and T. H. Fischer, “Particulate and vapor phase constituents of cigarette mainstream smoke and risk of myocardial infarction,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 257–267, 2001.
[15]
M. Borgerding and H. Klus, “Analysis of complex mixtures—cigarette smoke,” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 43–73, 2005.
[16]
J. Adamson, S. Hughes, D. Azzopardi, J. McAughey, and M. D. Ga？a, “Real-time assessment of cigarette smoke particle deposition in vitro,” Chemistry Central Journal, vol. 6, article 98, 2012.
[17]
J. Bartalis, W. G. Chan, and J. B. Wooten, “A new look at radicals in cigarette smoke,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 79, no. 13, pp. 5103–5106, 2007.
[18]
S. Ito, T. Hoshino, M. Iijima, N. Tsukamoto, D. H. Pashley, and T. Saito, “Water sorption/solubility of self-etching dentin bonding agents,” Dental Materials, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 617–626, 2010.
[19]
J. Malacarne, R. M. Carvalho, M. F. de Goes et al., “Water sorption/solubility of dental adhesive resins,” Dental Materials, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 973–980, 2006.
[20]
K. J. S？derholm, “Degradation of glass filler in experimental composites,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1867–1875, 1981.
[21]
S. Ito, M. Hashimoto, B. Wadgaonkar et al., “Effects of resin hydrophilicity on water sorption and changes in modulus of elasticity,” Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 33, pp. 6449–6459, 2005.
[22]
A. Piwowarczyk and H.-C. Lauer, “Mechanical properties of luting cements after water storage,” Operative Dentistry, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 535–542, 2003.
[23]
I. M. Hamouda, “Effects of various beverages on hardness, roughness, and solubility of esthetic restorative materials,” Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 315–322, 2011.
[24]
M. Bail, J. Malacarne-Zanon, S. M. A. Silva et al., “Effect of air-drying on the solvent evaporation, degree of conversion and water sorption/solubility of dental adhesive models,” Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 629–638, 2012.
[25]
L. Musanje and B. W. Darvell, “Aspects of water sorption from the air, water and artificial saliva in resin composite restorative materials,” Dental Materials, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 414–422, 2003.
[26]
H. Y. Marghalani, “Sorption and solubility characteristics of self-adhesive resin cements,” Dental Materials, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 187–198, 2012.
[27]
L. G. Lopes, A. D. V. Jardim Filho, J. B. de Souza, D. Rabelo, E. B. Franco, and G. C. de Freitas, “Influence of pulse-delay curing on sorption and solubility of a composite resin,” Journal of Applied Oral Science, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 27–31, 2009.
[28]
S. Argolo, D. C. Oliveira, C. M. Fontes, A. F. Lima, A. P. de Freitas, and A. N. Cavalcanti, “Effect of increased dwell times for solvent evaporation on the bond strength and degree of conversion of an ethanol-based adhesive system,” Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 109–114, 2012.
[29]
S. M. Le Mesurier, B. W. Stewart, and A. W. J. Lykke, “Injury to type-2 pneumocytes in rats exposed to cigarette smoke,” Environmental Research, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 207–217, 1981.
[30]
J. Malacarne-Zanon, D. H. Pashley, K. A. Agee et al., “Effects of ethanol addition on the water sorption/solubility and percent conversion of comonomers in model dental adhesives,” Dental Materials, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1275–1284, 2009.
[31]
I. Sideridou, V. Tserki, and G. Papanastasiou, “Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins,” Biomaterials, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 655–665, 2003.
[32]
P. Dhanpal, C. K. Y. Yiu, N. M. King, F. R. Tay, and N. Hiraishi, “Effect of temperature on water sorption and solubility of dental adhesive resins,” Journal of Dentistry, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 122–132, 2009.
[33]
E. L. Pashley, Y. Zhang, P. E. Lockwood, F. A. Rueggeberg, and D. H. Pashley, “Effects of HEMA on water evaporation from water-HEMA mixtures,” Dental Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 6–10, 1998.
