This paper starts with an overview of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and their characteristics. Then this paper reviews diverse applications of VANETs and the requirements of these applications. In addition it reviews VANETs standards, different broadcasting presented in a variety of studies, and also associated issues with data dissemination in connected and fragmented vehicular networks to solve broadcast storm problem and temporary disconnected VANETs. The discussion will be about the encountered challenges and presented solutions with respect to the related issues, based on the literature and strength and weakness of each protocol. 1. Introduction Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) establishes a wireless network among the vehicles (V2V) and, on the other level, between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I). VANET is a new technology that connects the vehicles on the basis of a short-range wireless communication (IEEE 802.11). For Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), a band of 75？MHz in 5.9？GHz has been allocated by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) [1]. DSRC helps the vehicles in VANETs to be in communication with each other and with the infrastructure. In DSRC, the GPS-enabled vehicles that are provided with on-board units connect to each other on a platform that is recognized today as the Vehicle Safety Communication (VSC) technologies. VANETs have the potential to contribute significantly to the future of vehicle communications. VANETs are actually a particular type of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The underlying philosophy is the same in both of these networks. However, a number of characteristics are specific for the VANETs that make them different from the MANETs. Compared with the other classes of mobile ad hoc networks, VANETs have unique characteristics. The main characteristics of the VANETs are as follows: time varying vehicle density, frequently disconnected network, heterogeneous communication range, mobility of the vehicles, geographically constrained topology, dynamic topology, and the vehicles being the components that build the network. A variety of applications is provided by the VANETs [2]. There can be three major sections for these applications: commercial, nonsafety, and safety applications. The main objective of the vehicle safety communication consortium (VSCC) is the safety applications. These applications include situation awareness and warning messages. The aim of the nonsafety applications is driving efficiency and comfort improvement on the road. This improvement occurs through communication. The
References
[1]
J. B. Kenney, “Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standards in the United States,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 1162–1182, 2011.
[2]
F. Bai, T. Elbatt, G. Hollan, H. Krishnan, and V. Sadekar, “Towards characterizing and classifying communication-based automotive applications from a wireless networking perspective,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automotive Networking and Applications (AutoNet '06), 2006.
[3]
Z. A. A. Noor, M. F. S. Atiqah, L. Fauziana, and A. M. Abdul Rahmat, “MIROS crash investigation and reconstruction annual statistical report f–2011,” Tech. Rep. MRR 05/2012, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2012.
[4]
U. M. Yusoff, D. Mahar, O. Azadeh, C. H. Teh, Y. Norzawati, and S. Riyanti, “Burden of premature mortality in Malaysia,” International Journal of Public Health Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 249–258, 2013.
[5]
H. Moustafa and Y. Zhang, Vehicular Networks Techniques, Standards and Applications, CRC Press, 2009.
[6]
B. Williams and T. Camp, “Comparison of broadcasting techniques for mobile ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MOBIHOC '02), pp. 194–205, Association for Computing, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2002.
[7]
O. K. Tonguz, N. Wisitpongphan, J. S. Parikh, F. Bai, P. Mudalige, and V. K. Sadekar, “On the broadcast storm problem in ad hoc wireless networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems (BROADNETS '06), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society, San Jose, Calif, USA, October 2006.
[8]
B. Bako and M. Weber, “Efficient information dissemination in VANETs,” in Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies, InTech, 2011.
[9]
S. Deval, L. Ritchie, M. Reisslein, and A. W. Richa, “Evaluation of physical carrier sense based backbone maintenance in mobile ad hoc networks,” International Journal of Vehicular Technology, vol. 2009, Article ID 958056, 13 pages, 2009.
[10]
A. Intl, Standard Specification for Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Roadside and Vehicle Systems—5？GHz Band Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, ASTM, 2003.
[11]
H. Barani and M. Fathy, “Overview on ad hoc networks localization,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN '08), pp. 407–413, CSREA Press, Las Vegas, Nev, USA, July 2008.
[12]
S. Olariu and M. C. Weige, Vehicular Networks from Theory to Practice, CRC Press, 2009.
[13]
J. Yin, T. Elbatt, G. Yeung et al., “Performance evaluation of safety applications over DSRC vehicular ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Held in Conjunction with (MOBICOM '04), pp. 1–9, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, October 2004.
[14]
T. ElBatt, S. K. Goel, G. Holland, H. Krishnan, and J. Parikh, “Cooperative collision warning using dedicated short range wireless communications,” in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET '06), pp. 1–9, Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles, Calif, USA, September 2006.
[15]
Y.-S. Chen, Y.-W. Lin, and S.-L. Lee, “A mobicast routing protocol with carry-and-forward in vehicular ad-hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 5th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (ChinaCom '10), IEEE Computer Society, Beijing, China, August 2010.
[16]
E. Schoch and F. Kargl, “On the efficiency of secure beaconing in VANETs,” in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security (WiSec '10), pp. 111–116, Hoboken, NJ, USA, March 2010.
[17]
K. A. Hafeez, L. Zhao, Z. Liao, and B. N.-W. Ma, “Performance analysis of broadcast messages in VANETs safety applications,” in Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM '10), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Miami, Fla, USA, December 2010.
[18]
J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, J. A. Dias, J. N. Isento et al., “The Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTN) Euro-NF joint research project,” in Proceedings of the 7th EURO-NGI Conference on Next Generation Internet Networks (NGI '11), Kaiserslautern, Germany, June 2011.
[19]
Z. J. Haas, J. Y. Halpern, and L. Li, “Gossip-based ad hoc routing,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 479–491, 2006.
[20]
H. Alshaer and E. Horlait, “An optimized adaptive broadcast scheme for Inter-vehicle communication,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring '05), Paving the Path for a Wireless Future, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005.
[21]
A. Wegener, H. Hellbruck, S. Fischer, C. Schmidt, and S. Fekete, “AutoCast: an adaptive data dissemination protocol for traffic information systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall '07), pp. 1947–1951, Baltimore, Md, USA, 2007.
[22]
X. Wu, Y. Yang, J. Liu, Y. Wu, and F. Yi, “Position-aware counter-based broadcast for mobile Ad Hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology (FCST '10), pp. 366–369, Changchun, China, 2010.
[23]
Y.-C. Tseng, S.-Y. Ni, Y.-S. Chen, and J.-P. Sheu, “The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network,” Wireless Networks, vol. 8, no. 2-3, pp. 153–167, 2002.
[24]
G. Korkmaz, E. Ekici, and F. ？zgüner, “An efficient fully Ad-hoc multi-hop broadcast protocol for inter-vehicular communication systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC '06), pp. 423–428, Istanbul, Turkey, July 2006.
[25]
T.-C. Chiang, J. L. Jiunn-Yin, and Y.-M. Huang, “Adapted DP based algorithm with distance-based approach in ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA '05), pp. 123–127, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 2005.
[26]
A. A. Khan, I. Stojmenovic, and N. Zaguia, “Parameterless broadcasting in static to highly mobile wireless ad hoc, sensor and actuator networks,” in Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA '08), pp. 620–627, Gino-wan, Japan, March 2008.
[27]
I. Stojmenovic, “Comments and corrections to ‘dominating sets and neighbor elimination-based broadcasting algorithms in wireless networks’,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1054–1055, 2004.
[28]
W. Lou and J. Wu, “A K-hop zone-based broadcast protocol in mobile ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '04), pp. 1665–1669, Dallas, Tex, USA, 2004.
[29]
A. Qayyum, A. Laouiti, and L. Viennot, “Multipoint relaying technique for flooding broadcast messages in mobile wireless networks,” in Proceedings of the HICSS: Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences, pp. 3866–3875, 2002.
[30]
H. Lim and C. Kim, “Flooding in wireless ad hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 24, no. 3-4, pp. 353–363, 2001.
[31]
Y. Hayel and H. Tembine, “Information dissemination using epidemic routing with delayed feedback,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, MASS, pp. 1–4, Pisa, Italy, 2007.
[32]
J. Zhao and G. Cao, “VADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular Ad hoc networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1910–1922, 2008.
[33]
W. Huang, S. Zhang, and W. Zhou, “Spray and wait routing based on position prediction in opportunistic networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD '11), pp. 232–236, Shanghai, China, March 2011.
[34]
J. Leguay, T. Friedman, and V. Conan, “Evaluating MobySpace-based routing strategies in delay-tolerant networks,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1171–1182, 2007.
[35]
A. Bachir and A. Benslimane, “A multicast protocol in ad hoc networks inter-vehicle geocast,” in Proceedings of the 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC '03), pp. 2456–2460, Jeju, Republic of Korea, 2003.
[36]
H. P. Joshi, M. Sichitiu, and M. Kihl, “Distributed robust geocast multicast routing for inter-vehicle communication,” in Proceedings of the WEIRD Workshop on WiMax, Wireless and Mobility, pp. 9–21, 2007.
[37]
O. K. Tonguz, N. Wisitpongphan, and F. Bai, “DV-CAST: a distributed vehicular broadcast protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 47–57, 2010.
[38]
N. N. Nakorn and K. Rojviboonchai, “DECA: density-aware reliable broadcasting in vehicular ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, ECTI-CON 2010, pp. 598–602, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2010.
[39]
N. Nakorn and K. Rojviboonchai, “POCA: position-aware reliable broadcasting in VANET,” in Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference of Information Processing (APCIP '10), pp. 420–428, Nanchang, China, 2010.
[40]
D. Li, H. Huang, X. Li, M. Li, and F. Tang, “A distance-based directional broadcast protocol for urban vehicular ad hoc network,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM '07), pp. 1520–1523, Shanghai, China, 2007.
[41]
R. S. Schwartz, R. Barbosa R, N. Meratnia, G. Heijenk, and H. Scholten, “A directional data dissemination protocol for vehicular environments,” Computer Communications, vol. 34, no. 17, pp. 2057–2071, 2011.
[42]
M. Nekovee and B. B. Bogason, “Reliable and efficient information dissemination in intermittently connected vehicular adhoc networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring '07), pp. 2486–2490, Dublin, Ireland, April 2007.
[43]
F. J. Ros, P. M. Ruiz, and I. Stojmenovic, “Reliable and efficient broadcasting in vehicular Ad Hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring '09), Barcelona, Spain, April 2009.
[44]
W. Viriyasitavat, O. K. Tonguz, and F. Bai, “UV-CAST: an urban vehicular broadcast protocol,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 116–124, 2011.
