The effect of Moringaoleifera leaf powder supplementation on some physico-chemical and sensory properties of wheat bread was determined.Bread was prepared from varying proportions of 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96% and 95% wheat flour supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% Moringaoleifera leaf powder respectively. The bread samples were allowed to cool at ambient temperature (30℃±1℃) and analysed for some physical properties, proximate composition, and sensory attributes. Moringa leaf powder addition significantly (p < 0.05) increased the fibre (2.10% to 3.28%), ash (1.10% to 1.65%), protein (9.07% to 13.97%), and ether extract (1.51% to 2.59%), while decreasing moisture content (35.20% to 27.65%). Moringa leaf powder supplementation also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the loaf volume, weight loss, loaf height and specific loaf volume from 796.70 to 496.70cm3, 32.32 to 25.65g, 7.00 to 5.83cm and 4.70 to 2.65cm3/g respectively, while the loaf weight increased from 169.20 to 185.86g. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca) and Beta-carotene
References
[1]
O. A. Olaoye, A. A. Onilude and O. A. Idowu, “Quality Characteristics of Bread Produced from Composite Flours of Wheat, Plantain and Soybeans,” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 5, No. 11, 2006, pp. 1102-1106.
[2]
S. Dhingra and S. Jood, “Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Cereal-Pulse Blends for Bread Making,” Nutrition and Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002, pp. 183-194. doi:10.1177/026010600201600304
[3]
A. Basman and H. Koksel, “Utilization of Transgluranase to Increase the Level of Barley and Soy Flour Incorporation in Wheat Flour Breads,” Journal of Food Science, Vol. 68, No. 8, 2003, pp. 2453-2460.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07045.x
[4]
D. I. Gernah and C. E. Chinma, “Bread-Making Potentials of Cassava, Maize and Soyabean Flour Blends,” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2006, pp. 196-206.
[5]
G. Eggleston, P. F. Omoaka and D. O. Thechioha, “Development and Evaluation of Products from Cassava Flour as New Alternatives to Wheaten Breads,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1992, pp. 377-385. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740590315
[6]
L. L. Price, “The Moringa Tree,” 2000.
http://www.echonet.org
[7]
D. I. Gernah and A. I. Sengev, “Effect of Processing on Some Chemical Properties of the Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera) Leaves,” Nigerian Food Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2011, pp. 70-77.
[8]
G. S. Chauhan, R. R. Zillman and N. A. M. Eskin, “Dough Mixing and Bread Making Properties of Quinoa-Wheat Flour Blends,” Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, 1992, pp. 701-705.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb01241.x
[9]
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), “Official Methods of Analysis,” 17th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, 2005.
[10]
A. I. Ihekoronye and P. O. Ngoddy, “Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics,” Macmillan Publisher LTD, London, 1985.
[11]
M. A. Akpapunam and E. A. Ibiama, “Manual of Food Chemistry,” Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, 1985.
[12]
J. L. Greene and A. C. Bovell-Benjamin, “Macroscopic and Sensory Evaluation of Bread Supplemented with Sweet Potato Flour,” Journal of Food Science, Vol. 69, No. 4, 2004, pp. 167-173.
[13]
American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC), “Approved Methods of American Association of Cereal Chemists,” 10th Edition, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, 2000.
[14]
M. P. Penfield and A. M. Campbell, “Experimental Food Science,” 3rd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
[15]
M. C. Meilgaard, G. V. Civille and B. T. Carr, “Sensory Evaluation Techniques,” 4th Edition, CRC Press L.L.C., New York, 2007.
[16]
T. A. T. Wahua, “Applied Statistics for Scientific Studies,” African Link Books Ltd., Ibadan, 1999.
[17]
K. M. Tronsmo, E. M. Faergestad, J. D. Schofield and S. Magnus, “Wheat Protein Quality in Relation to Baking Performance Evaluated by the Chorleywood Bread Process and a Hearth Bread Baking Test,” Journal of Cereal Science, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2003, pp. 205-215.
doi:10.1016/S0733-5210(03)00027-4
[18]
C. J. A. M. Keetels, K. A. Visser T. van Vliet, A. Jurgens and P. Walstra, “Structure and Mechanics of Starch Bread,” Journal of Cereal Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1996, pp. 15-26. doi:10.1006/jcrs.1996.0033
[19]
J. T. Barminas, M. Charles and D. Emmanuel, “Mineral Composition of Non-Conventional Leafy Vegetables,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, Vol. 53, No. 1, 1998, pp. 29-36. doi:10.1023/A:1008084007189