Political change, disease and healthcare reform: the response to the Toxic Oil Syndrome (Spain, 1981-1998)

In 1981 Spain was threatened by the sudden appearance of an epidemic-like disease, one which was unknown to that date. The Toxic Oil Syndrome, as it was later named after the oil that caused it, thus demanded a response that became conditioned by the fact that the biological nature of the disease was unknown, but also, significantly by the complex situation in the country at that time. Spain was immersed in process of great political change, as well as a difficult economic situation, the authorities were obliged to react in not ideal conditions and in accordance with the very values that the new model of social relations that was being developed. This paper aims to look at the way in which the Toxic Oil Syndrome acted as a catalyst and accelerated the healthcare reform that, already prior to the outbreak of the epidemic, had been deemed necessary. This work focuses mainly on the response of the health system regarding those affected by the epidemic, as it was forced to treat a group of people with severe physical side effects which would lead to disability within a new framework of social relations. It thus aims to illustrate how many of the measures adopted were in accordance with the main ideas behind the reform, and also how these measures were precursors of those which were later applied to the population as a whole. En 1981, Espa a se vio amenazada por la súbita aparición en forma de epidemia de una enfermedad desconocida hasta entonces. El Síndrome del Aceite Tóxico, como acabó denominándose en atención al que se ha considerado su agente causal, exigió así una respuesta que se vio condicionada por el desconocimiento de sus características biológicas, pero también, y de forma relevante, por la compleja coyuntura por la que atravesaba la nación. Inmersa como estaba en un profundo proceso de cambio de régimen político, que había de realizarse además en unas condiciones económicas difíciles, los Poderes Públicos se vieron obligados a reaccionar en unas condiciones poco idóneas y de acuerdo con los valores propios del nuevo modelo de relaciones sociales que se trataba de establecer. El presente trabajo pretende explorar la forma en que el Síndrome del Aceite Tóxico dinamizó y contribuyó a acelerar la reforma sanitaria que, ya con anterioridad al estallido de la epidemia, era considerada como una intervención necesaria. El trabajo toma como objeto de atención principal la manera en que se abordó la respuesta asistencial a los afectados por la enfermedad, que obligaba a atender en un nuevo marco de relaciones sociales a un conjunto de personas con graves