This study examines the link between Nigeria’s economic growth and energy consumption from 1981 to 2024. The analysis validates a long-term equilibrium between consumption of energy, GDP, and associated variables using Granger causality tests, impulse response functions, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and Johansen cointegration. The findings indicate that increase is largely driven by crude oil consumption, with coal playing a modest contribution and electricity having lag effects. Al...

Economic System  Business Management 

This paper examines the structural distortions introduced by the widespread use of post-fixed bonds in Brazil’s monetary policy framework. Unlike other economies where monetary tightening adversely affects banks’ balance sheets, Brazil’s financial institutions often benefit from such policies due to their exposure to post-fixed instruments. This creates perverse incentives that undermine the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission. Using the concept of Evolutionarily Stable Strategies, we ...

Economic System 

National Oil Companies (NOCs) have significant control over the world’s energy resources, holding about 80% of oil reserves and 70% of oil production, with similar figures for natural gas, both the economies of their home nations and the larger global energy market depend on these businesses. However, they perform in a wide range of ways, and a number of factors, such as labor costs, environmental regulations, corporate size, and financial stability, affect how efficient they are. This paper uti...

Economic System  Sociology  Business Management 

Granularity, a macroeconomics concept, explains how small economic shocks can cause significant fluctuations in the broader economy. The granularity hypothesis posits that large firms’ shocks disproportionately impact the economy, countering the idea that these shocks are balanced out at the macro level by the law of large numbers. Granularity, indicating the presence of both few large and many small firms, implies that firm size distribution adheres to a power law, thereby linking granularity a...

Economic System 

Government interventions play a crucial role in supporting smallholder farmers, as evidenced by this study that explores how government agricultural policies in Ghana impact the productivity of smallholder farmers, a vital sector of the nation’s economy. Through panel data analysis and fixed effects models, the study examines the influence of input subsidies, price supports, credit access, and extension services on farmer yields. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant positive effe...

Economic System  Sociology 

Rural transformation is integrally linked with the wider processes of structural transformation taking place within a given country. Despite the recent upswing in growth within sub-Saharan Africa, economies are still narrowly based on the production and export of unprocessed agricultural products, renewable natural resources, minerals and crude oil. Even with optimistic scenarios on the growth of the manufacturing and services sectors, in formal job creation and agglom-eration effects, it will t...

Economic System 

The stock exchange and its performance are important indicators of the economic health of an economy. Electricity generation capacity supports industrialisation. National electricity distribution on the other hand, however, even when mediated with electricity imports to augment a low generation capacity, can complicate both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies’ desire to operate in an economy which is attempting to industrialise. This is compounded if generation is not matched to consum...

Business Research Methods  Development Economics  Electric Engineering  Finance  Economic System  Business Analysis  Engineering Management 

This theory presents the theory of innovation in the attainment of economic sciences. It equally reviews economic literature and investigates innovation from different economic models. It first begins with the analysis of views on classical economics, including Adam Smith and David Ricardo. This is followed by discussions on theory in innovation today, as handled in the knowledge-based economy. Analyzing the achievements in economic thought outlines that innovation’s importance and relevance has...

Economic System 

The global COVID-19 has been in a repeating phase from 2019 to 2022, which has had a significant negative influence on commerce and the economy worldwide. The impact of the automotive industry has also altered significantly throughout this time. Several nations are scurrying to take advantage of the chance to revive the industrial sector. In an effort to help China’s automotive industry overcome the challenges posed by COVID-19 and actively integrate into the ASEAN market, this project will comb...

International Economics  Economic System 

This study investigates whether Managerial overconfidence behavior can explain earnings manipulation using accruals activities in the Egyptian market. In order to reach a conclusion, a sample over the period 2006 to 2020 is analyzed to provide a sample of data about managers’ overconfidence behavior and accrual-based earnings management (AB_EM). Further, the results of this study reveal that managerial overconfidence does not impact the manipulation of earnings through discretionary accruals exc...

Development Economics  Economic System