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Agricultural Valorization of Fecal Sludge in the Municipality of Sèmè-Podji, Southeastern Benin  [PDF]
Kachichè Kafiriola Florent Doumatey, Toundé Roméo Gislain Kadjegbin, Hadiza Kiari Fougou
Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment (JACEN) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2026.152015
Abstract: The reuse of fecal sludge in the Municipality of Sèmè-Podji is feasible through compost production that no longer poses a public health risk. The methodological approach combines literature review, field data collection from 302 respondents, and data processing. At Sèmè-Podji, 29% of the surveyed population still use traditional emptying methods, while 71% rely on professional desludging services. The presence of a Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) is crucial for sustainable sludge management. At the plant, raw sludge is discharged into a reception pit where it remains for 15 to 21 days to allow separation of the liquid fraction and obtain dehydrated solids. These solids are stored under controlled conditions. Pre-treatment and co-composting are the main steps in agricultural valorization. Additionally, 73% of farmers apply compost through spreading, while 27% practice burial. These methods improve soil fertility using compost derived from fecal sludge. Due to its richness in nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and organic matter, treated sludge is used as an agricultural amendment, provided sanitary standards are respected.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Poor Liquid Waste Management in the Municipality of Seme-Podji in Southeast Benin  [PDF]
Kachichè Kafiriola Florent Doumatey, Toundé Roméo Gislain Kadjegbin, Hadiza Kiari Fougou
Journal of Environmental Protection (JEP) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/jep.2026.172003
Abstract: Poor practices in the disposal of wastewater, excreta, and rainwater constitute a major environmental problem. The methodological approach used consisted first of data collection, then data processing, and finally analysis of the results. The data were processed using Excel, SPSS, and ArcView software. The disposal method is autonomous (individual), with significant gaps in collective systems. Household liquid waste is very often discharged directly into the yard, into the street (42%), or into gutters (often designed for rainwater). The population disposes of sewage through ventilated pit latrines (45% of respondents), unventilated pit latrines (32%), suspended latrines (7%), and flush toilets (16%). The environmental impacts of poor liquid waste management include ecosystem degradation (45% of respondents), groundwater and surface water pollution (36%), and inadequate drainage and flooding (19%). Pollution threatens the biodiversity of wetlands (marshes, lagoons) and receiving water bodies (Lake Nokoué), which can affect local flora and fauna. The types of diseases linked to poor liquid waste management are malaria (39% of respondents), diarrheal diseases (23%), acute respiratory infections (16%), typhoid fever (10%), dermatoses (7%), and anemia (5%).
Situation of Water, Hygiene and Sanitation in a Peri-Urban Area in Benin, West Africa: The Case of Sèmè-Podji  [PDF]
Roch Christian Johnson, Hadehou Segla, Tamègnon Victorien Dougnon, Gratien Boni, Honoré Sourou Bankole, Christophe Houssou, Michel Boko
Journal of Environmental Protection (JEP) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.512121
Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the environmental factors related to health vulnerability in the municipality of Sèmè-Podji. For this study, 216 households were surveyed using questionnaires. Twelve key informants were enrolled for depth interviews and 18 water samples were collected from different sources used by the populations. It came out of our investigations that water from traditional sources used at Sèmè-Podji was contaminated by various microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms. 66.38% of households reject domestic waste and 47.41% of them evacuate sewage in the yard. In addition, 93.05% drop stagnant water for natural infiltration. This municipality faces lack of sanitation. The main health problems experienced by people were malaria (46.35%), diarrheal diseases (15.88%). The study stated some results which could improve the help about health management in the area.
The Diagnosis of Maritime Structures, a Management Support Tool: Case of the Sèmè-Podji Wharf in the Republic of Benin  [PDF]
Babilas Hountondji, Lambert K. Ayitchéhou, Fran？ois de Paule Codo, Martin P. Aina
Open Journal of Marine Science (OJMS) , 2025, DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2025.151001
Abstract: Port structures constitute the main link in the maritime transport chain of coastal countries and therefore contribute to their economic development. But it should be noted that the installation of said works is not without consequences for the countries concerned. Benin, a country in the Gulf of Guinea, is no exception to this phenomenon because, due to its maritime history, it has a heritage of port structures. These structures, built on its coastline, cause a wide variety of environmental problems such as silting and erosion on either side of them. The general objective of this article is to contribute to the proper functionality of port facilities while minimizing environmental problems that may arise. It aims to provide managers with a tool allowing them to fully understand the state of their assets in order to rationalize maintenance actions. In order to achieve this objective, an assessment of the state of the structure, and then a structural diagnosis are necessary and recommendations can be established to restore the level of service of the latter. As a result, two examples were presented: the wharf of the Sèmè-Podji pipeline project and the maritime piles project of the Wasco de Gama bridge (control project), and recommendations adapted to this objective were established. The comparative analysis of the two examples, both maritime works, revealed an under-sizing at the level of the spans of the wharf bridge of the Sèmè-Podji pipeline project (spans of 7 m in length), while these spans vary on average by 45 m to 62 m for the Wasco da Gama bridge. Bringing the piles closer together at the Sèmè-Podji wharf reduces the energy of the current which promotes the accumulation of sediment. The structure no longer experiences a flow capable of setting in motion the sands accumulated since at least 2022. This element appears to be a fundamental characteristic explaining the erosion observed to the east of the structure.
The Challenges of Name Change in South Africa: The Case of Makhado Town  [PDF]
Mavhungu E. Musitha
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2016.42010
Abstract: This was a descriptive and qualitative case study that investigated the processes involving citizen participation in the course of the attempts to replace the name Louis Trichardt with the name Makhado. I conducted qualitative and descriptive investigation based on data from literature. The data were collated from the literature, i.e. articles, policies, government legislations, municipal- reports, attendance registers and reports. The data were collected and captured in excel and analyzed with results shown in tables and figures. In terms of results the study has found that Makhado municipality has widely invited the participation of residents through various platforms. It further revealed that only 6.7% participated in the renaming process. It was also found that 51% of residents participated in ward 20 while 49% participated in ward 21. Finally, the study concluded by revealing that the majority of the residents did not participate in the consultation process. In conclusion, the study revealed that the majority of the people failed to participate in the renaming process to change the name Louis Trichardt to Makhado. Low participation by residents rendered the proposed name illegitimate. While wards 20 and 21 are predominantly comprised of whites, only a few come out to participate. Low participation by whites suggests that they still want to defend racial identity because the name Louis Trichardt is that of an historical Afrikaans leader. Whites launch court challenges against the new names to protect white names. The study recommends 1) use of the names of people must be prohibited; 2) double-barrel renaming must be encouraged so as to incorporate old names with new names and 3) procedures for name-changing need to be widely publicized so as to ensure that the public is properly informed.
Des habitations à bon marché au Vi t Nam. La question du logement social en situation coloniale Public Housing Projects in Vi t Nam: the Problem of Habitation in a Colonial Situation
Caroline Herbelin
Moussons : Recherche en Sciences Humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est , 2009,
Abstract: La crise du logement dans les grandes villes du Vi t Nam est récurrente pendant toute la colonisation. Elle touche les Européens, mais surtout les populations locales qui vivent en majorité dans des habitats précaires. A partir des années 1920, face à l’ampleur de la situation, le gouvernement général décide d’adapter dans la colonie les récentes lois fran aises en faveur du logement social. Si quelques prototypes d’habitations à bon marché vont être mis en place par la municipalité de Hanoi dans les années 1930, ce n’est que dans les années 1950, pour répondre à la crise sociale que les politiques de logement vont commencer à être significatives. Entre inertie et projets enthousiastes, les politiques de logement révèlent les contradictions du système colonial face à un problème aussi crucial que complexe, mettant en jeu différents acteurs à différents niveaux : le gouvernement général d’Indochine, la résidence supérieure du Tonkin, les municipalités, les associations privées et dans une moindre mesure les sociétés de construction. Du point de vue architectural, les projets mis en place sont des créations hybrides qui montrent une volonté manifeste de s’adapter au style de vie vietnamien. During the colonial period, the main cities of Vi t Nam periodically experienced social housing crises. While Europeans did not remain immune from the consequences of a lack of adequate housing, local populations, who constituted the majority in these makeshift constructs, were most deeply affected. Beginning in the 1920s, faced with the urgency of this problem, the general government sought to adapt contemporaneous French laws in favor of social housing to the local colonial situation. Even though some prototypes of affordable housing were constructed by the Hanoi municipality in the 1930s, it was only in the 1950s that government efforts began to have a significant impact. The politics of housing, and in particular the struggle between inertia and enthusiasm in attitudes regarding social housing projects reveals contradictions in the colonial system when faced with a habitation crisis. Furthermore, the complexity of the situation implicated different actors at different levels, including the Governor General of Indochina, the Superior Resident in Tonkin, the municipalities, the private associations, and to a lesser degree, the construction companies. Finally, from an architectural point of view, the projects put in place were hybrid creations that clearly showed an attempt to adapt to a Vietnamese lifestyle.
Reflections of Urban Transformation on Horizontal City Landscape and Household: Adana ？ukurova District Municipality Houses  [PDF]
Tülay ？cal
Current Urban Studies (CUS) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/cus.2019.74026
Abstract: In Turkey, urban planning works are staying on the agenda with the decisions made at the central level. Because these urban works reached their purpose in some of our cities, whereas these urban works became a big problem of our society. Urban transformation works covering population and settlement problems of human geography will be examined as urban geography and population problems and recommendations for solution will be made. Within the scope of this study, spatial and social changes on the city made by houses that are going to build over the Adana Çukurova District Municipality Houses and single-detached houses will be discussed and results obtained through interviews will be interpreted with a geographic point of view. Allocation of apartments according to plot size and the property owners will be indebted are the greatest concerns of property owners. The problems that will arise from the big identity change caused by vertical growth with the construction in the Municipality Houses will be analyzed and the expectations and concerns of people living in Municipality Houses will be determined.
Os répteis do município de S？o Paulo: diversidade e ecologia da fauna pretérita e atual
Marques, Otavio Augusto Vuolo;Pereira, Donizete Neves;Barbo, Fausto Erritto;Germano, Valdir José;Sawaya, Ricardo Jannini;
Biota Neotropica , 2009, DOI: 10.1590/S1676-06032009000200014
Abstract: the reptile fauna in the municipality of s？o paulo is well sampled due to intensive collection in the last 100 years. in the present work we provide a checklist of reptile species in s？o paulo municipality based on preserved specimens in scientific collections. the reptile fauna was also characterized by three ecological parameters: habitat use, substrate use, and diet. we recorded a total of 97 reptile species (two turtles, one crocodilian, 19 lizards, seven amphisbaenians, and 68 snakes). approximately 70% of the lizards and 40% of the snakes are typical of forest habitats of the serra do mar mountain range. other squamates are typical of open formations that occur mainly on inland cerrado habitats. all turtles and the crocodilian are associated to riparian habitats. approximately 63% of the lizards are predominantly terrestrial, and the remaining species are arboreal. most species of snakes are terrestrial (38%) or subterranean/criptozoic (25%) whereas a smaller proportion are arboreal (18%) or aquatic (9%). lizards feed upon arthropods. almost 50% of the snake species are specialized or feed mainly upon anuran amphibians. other important items consumed by snakes are mammals (24%), lizards (18%), subterranean vertebrates (10%), and invertebrates (earthworms, mollusks and arthropods; 15%). a total of 51 reptile species have not been recorded for the last six years. probably many of these species are extinct in the region due the intense local urbanization and habitat loss. the survey of species collected in s？o paulo municipality and received in the instituto butantan in recent years allowed the identification of 10 lizards at least 42 snake species already occurring in the region. the high species richness of the original fauna seems related to the geographic location of the municipality, in a contact zone between forested areas of the atlantic forest (ombrophilous forest) and open formations (savannas, high-altitude grassland). thus, the original habitat composi
The Summary Inventory of the Fonds of the People’s Committee of the Pazin Town Municipality 1952 - 1955
Hrelja, Hendi
- , 2017, DOI: 10.31726/via.24.3
Abstract: Sa？etak The People’s Committee of the Pazin Town Municipality was founded in April 1952 following the abolition of the Local People’s Committees of Pazin, Gra？i？？e, Ka？？erga, Katun Trvi？ki and Sveti Petar u ？umi, whose jurisdiction was transferred to the newly established People’s Committee of the Pazin Town Municipality. This was active until the end of August 1955, when the new administrative reform abolished the town municipalities, which turned into the newly established municipalities. After the abolition of the People’s Committee of the Town Municipality of Pazin, the People’s Committee of the Pazin Municipality was established, which assumed the local authority of the abolished creator. The People’s Committee of the Pazin Town Municipality was hierarchically subordinate to the People’s Committee of the Pazin District. The People’s Committee of the Town Municipality was in charge of executive affairs in connection with the economic, infrastructural, social and cultural development of the Town Municipality. For the purpose of studying individual issues and preparing conclusions and conducting a survey of the council, the People’s Committee of the Town Municipality established permanent and occasional commissions. Councils were set up for the execution of the laws and regulations of the People’s Committee and higher state authorities and for the conduct of administrative affairs. The People’s Committee of the Town Municipality had its own administration, headed by a secretary, to prepare and implement the tasks within its competence. The execution of decisions and other acts, of the measures of the People’s Committee and of the regulations of the higher state organs, as well as and the harmonization of the work of all the bodies of the People’s Committee, under the supervision of the administration, was ensured by the President of the People’s Committee. After the creator ceased to work, the material remained in the possession of the successor until it was taken over by the Archive from the Pazin Municipality Assembly on two occasions, in 1972 and 1973. The material was then arranged provisionally, recorded and extracted from the material of related creators. Archival processing was carried out during 2016, and in September of that same year a Summary Inventory was made. The archives were arranged in accordance with the content-functional model of arrangement, according to which the individual series were formed. The Fonds consists of ten basic series: Registry Aids, General Affairs, Labour and Employment Relations, Internal Affairs, Economy,
People’s representative of the Croatian Peasants’ Party and his district: the work of Stjepan Hefer in the territory of Osijek and Valpovo (1924-1941)
Le？ek, Suzana
- , 2008,
Abstract: Sa？etak The well-preserved personal archive of Stjepan Hefer from Osijek, attorney at law, who had been a member of the parliament from the ranks of the Croatian Peasants’ Party (HSS) during the 1930s, and accepted the position of Grand County Head in the Independent State of Croatia, provides us with insight into numerous problems of the time. Since a big portion of the archive pertains to the period before 1941, it is interesting primarily for the researchers of the pre-war period, whom it can provide with important data for the study of various aspects of life (politics, economy, culture, the workers’ issue). Even though Hefer’s archive is personal, it contains mostly official documents that do not tell us much about his ideological attitudes. Still, from everything that we now know, we can say that he did not diverge from Maèek’s politics in any way in the pre-war period, and after he became the Grand County Head in the Independent State of Croatia, on several occasions he voiced his dissatisfaction with the official Ustasha politics and attempted to protect the victims of persecution. The preserved documents are much more interesting to us as a source for the reconstruction of the role of a parliament member of the Croatian Peasants’ Party in the 1930s. To some extent they can present to us the network of connections, obligations, powers and impotencies of the party’s high officials; HSS’s battle to establish a local self-government as opposed to the state’s centralism; conflicts within the party at times when it seemed the strongest from the outside; and especially the problems they were faced with when they achieved a certain degree of self-government, for which they had fought for a long time, in the Banate of Croatia (Banovina Hrvatska). They show us how important personal abilities and dedication were in the organization and maintenance of the network of HSS’s organizations (political, economic, cultural, protection and workers’ ones) at the time when HSS did not formally hold power. The preserved materials also offer a glimpse into the broad range of problems that a member of parliament was expected to deal with. Hefer was faced with a number of practical local tasks on a daily basis and his knowledge of law came very handy in dealing with them. His archive also familiarizes us with another group of problems that the official journals never mention: the personal conflicts within the party. They help us understand in which way these conflicts were resolved in circumstances in which HSS did not hold actual power (by personal patience, by
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