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Improving Forest-Based Livelihoods through Integrated Climate Change Adaptation Planning
Pratima Shrestha,Dev Raj Gautam
Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies , 2014, DOI: 10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10819
Abstract: Forest-based livelihoods are ruthlessly affected by climate change and other non-climatic stressors. Forests as one of the precious natural assets available in the Chitwan Annapurna area is an appropriate sector to address community and ecosystem vulnerability through adaptation works like plantation, protecting biophysical environment against hazards like landslide, floods, and water scarcity. In Nepal, Community Forest Users Groups with legal entity serves as grassroot organizations in preparation of community based adaptation plan of action (CAPA). Hariyo Ban Program, have facilitated in preparation of community based adaptation plans in remote, vulnerable and marginalized communities of different places of Gandaki river basin. The result shows community perception towards climatic and non climatic stresses and its impacts in forest based livelihoods. Climate change, its variability and extreme events have mystified people’s livelihood and forced them to further suffering. Preparation and implementation of adaptation plans has provided a ray of hope towards addressing adverse impact of climate change. Till date, 142 community adaptation plans are prepared following a methodology on integrated community adaptation planning. Adaptation planning has let community know about the prevailing threats and vulnerabilities in their communities and helped to identify adaptation measures to reduce those threats and vulnerabilities, resulting in improved livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10819 ？ Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.2(1) 2014: 135-146
Diversity of Orchids in Terms of Their Distribution, Uses and Conservation in Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal  [PDF]
Babu Lal Tiruwa, Basu Dev Neupane, Rabin Kadariya, Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, Bijaya Pant
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2024.156030
Abstract: The Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), the first conservation area and the largest protected area (PA) in Nepal, is incredibly rich in biodiversity. Notwithstanding this, orchids in the ACA have not been explored enough yet thus making the need for ambitious research to be carried out. Previous study only included 81 species of orchids within ACA. This study aims to update the record of species and genera richness in the ACA. In total 198 species of orchids, belonging to 67 genera (40% and 62% of the total recorded orchid species and genera in Nepal) has been recorded in ACA. This represents an increase of 144% in species and 56% in genera over the previous data. Out of the 198 species, 99 were epiphytes, 6 were holomycotrophic and 93 were terrestrial. Among the 67 genera, Bulbophyllum (17) species were dominant, followed by Dendrobium (16), Herminium (10), Coelogyne, Plantanthera (9 each), Eria, Habenaria, Oberonia (8 each), Calanthe (7), and Liparis (6). Fifty-six species were found to be ornamentally significant and 85 species medicinally significant.
Actinomycetes: Isolation, Characterization and Screening for Antimicrobial Activity from Different Sites of Chitwan, Nepal
- , 2018,
Abstract: With the objective to isolate, identify and determine the antimicrobial activity of the soil actinomycetes, this study was done in the laboratory of Nepal Polytechnic Institute, Chitwan (September 2015- April 2016). A total of 30 soil samples were randomly collected and processed from forest, garden, cultivated lands and river side (Narayani and Rapti River) of Chitwan, Nepal. Isolates were identified by colony characterizations, microscopy and biochemical tests. Primary and secondary screening for antibiotic producers was done by single line cross streak and agar cup assay respectively against test organisms, S. Typhi, S. aureus and E. coli. Altogether 25 different actinomycetes from two genera viz; Streptomyces (n=15) and Micromonospora (n=10) were identified from selected sites (n=10; river side, n=5 each from garden, cultivated and forest soil). Primary screening of n=12 isolates was done by inhibition to at least one test bacterium. Of them only n=9 (n=6 Streptomyces spp., n=3 Micromonospora spp.) isolates showed promising antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition above 8mm) on secondary screening. Maximum zone of inhibition was 14mm observed against S. aureus and whereas 18mm against E. coli and S. Typhi respectively. This finding indicates potent antibiotic producer actinomycetes were isolated from soil of Chitwan, study furthering strain selection and identification would pave the way for commercial antibiotic production
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Budget Analysis of Carp Based Polyculture Ponds in Chitwan, Nepal
S. Gurung,M.K. Shrestha,N.P. Pandit
Our Nature , 2013, DOI: 10.3126/on.v11i2.9535
Abstract: An experiment was conducted in 12 earthen ponds of 200 m 2 at Kathar VDC, Chitwan, Nepal for 270 days to analyze the productivity and nutrient budget in some carp based polyculture systems. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments in triplicate each: a) Carps only or control (7000 fish/ha) (T 1 ); b) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) (T 2 ); c) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) + sahar？ (500/ha) (T 3 ); and d) Carps (7000/ha) + tilapia (3000/ha) +？ sahar (1000/ha) (T 4 ). Silver carp ( Hypophthalmich-thys molitrix ), bighead carp ( Aristichthys nobilis ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ), rohu ( Labeo rohita ) and mrigal ( Cir-rhinus mrigala ) of mean stocking size 3.0, 4.2, 10.0, 18.8, 10.5, 2.2 g, respectively were stocked in all ponds at the ratio of 4:2:1:1:1:1. The mean stocking size of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and sahar ( Tor putitora ) were 9.7 and 3.4 g, respectively. The ponds were fertilized weekly with urea and di-ammonium phosphate @ 4 g N and 1 g P/m 2 /day. Fish were fed with locally made pellet feed (20% CP) once in an alternate day at @ 2% body weight. At harvest, the extrapolated fish yield ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 t/ha/year in different treatments, without significant differences among treatments (P>0.05). Inclusion of sahar in Nile tilapia ponds decreased recruits by 63 to 72%. There were no significant differences in water quality parameters among treatments, except dissolved oxygen concentration, which was significantly lower in T 1 and T 3 than T 2 and T 4 (p<0.05). Both nitrogen and phosphorous were gained from fish species and lost from soil and water. There were no significant differences in nitrogen and phosphorous contents of all inputs and outputs among treatments. The unaccounted nitrogen and phosphorous loss ranged from 9.8-17.1% and 51.2-64.4%, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorous required for producing 1 kg fish ranged from 337.5-375.9 g and 130.3-150.9 g, without significant difference among treatments. The nitrogen and phosphorous discharged for producing 1 kg fish ranged from 1.59-4.35 g and 1.6-9.3 g, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9535 Our Nature 2013, 11(2): 116-125
Assessment of bacterial load in broiler chicken meat from the retail meat shops in Chitwan, Nepal
N Bhandari,DB Nepali,S Paudyal
International Journal of Infection and Microbiology , 2013, DOI: 10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8671
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Keeping quality of meat and meat related food hazard relates to microbes present in the meat during processing or storage. The poultry slaughtered and dressed under Chitwan conditions carrying high initial contamination would be present in meat as inherent contamination in the finished products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 26 fresh broiler meat samples from registered retail shops. The samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis such as total viable count (TVC), total enterobacteriaceae count (TEC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC). Also, the samples were analyzed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and identified by different biochemical tests. RESULTS: The mean counts in log10±SE colony forming units per gram (cfu/g) for Bharatpur, Ratnanagar and Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) vicinity were obtained as 11.1±0.3, 11.5±0.3 and 12.2±0.5 TVC; 8.5±0.2, 9.2±0.3 and 10.2±0.4 TEC; 6.5±0.3, 7.6±0.3 and 8.4±0.5 TCC; 6.5±0.2, 6.8±0.3 and 7.7±0.4 TSC respectively. No samples were found to be within the permissible limits given by different agencies. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in retail broiler meat in Chitwan was found 46.2%. CONCLUSION: The retail broiler meat samples from the locations contain high count of bacteria suggesting deplorable state of hygienic and sanitary practices. The presence of Salmonella and Staphyloccus aureus organisms over the permissible limits are of special concern because these account for potential food borne intoxication. So, the need for microbial assessment of fresh meats can be emphasized. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8671 ？ Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(3):99-104
Conservation Strategy for Brown Bear and Its Habitat in Nepal
Achyut Aryal,David Raubenheimer,Sambandam Sathyakumar,Buddi Sagar Poudel,Weihong Ji,Kamal Jung Kunwar,Jose Kok,Shiro Kohshima,Dianne Brunton
Diversity , 2012, DOI: 10.3390/d4030301
Abstract: The Himalaya region of Nepal encompasses significant habitats for several endangered species, among them the brown bear ( Ursus arctos pruinosus). However, owing to the remoteness of the region and a dearth of research, knowledge on the conservation status, habitat and population size of this species is lacking. Our aim in this paper is to report a habitat survey designed to assess the distribution and habitat characteristics of the brown bear in the Nepalese Himalaya, and to summarize a conservation action plan for the species devised at a pair of recent workshops held in Nepal. Results of our survey showed that brown bear were potentially distributed between 3800 m and 5500 m in the high mountainous region of Nepal, across an area of 4037 km 2 between the eastern border of Shey Phoksundo National Park (SPNP) and the Manasalu Conservation Area (MCA). Of that area, 2066 km 2 lie inside the protected area (350 km 2 in the MCA; 1716 km 2 in the Annapurna Conservation Area) and 48% (1917 km 2) lies outside the protected area in the Dolpa district. Furthermore, 37% of brown bear habitat also forms a potential habitat for blue sheep (or bharal, Pseudois nayaur), and 17% of these habitats is used by livestock, suggesting a significant potential for resource competition. Several plant species continue to be uprooted by local people for fuel wood. Based on the results of our field survey combined with consultations with local communities and scientists, we propose that government and non-government organizations should implement a three-stage program of conservation activities for the brown bear. This program should: (a) Detail research activities in and outside the protected area of Nepal; (b) support livelihood and conservation awareness at local and national levels; and (c) strengthen local capacity and reduce human-wildlife conflict in the region.
Landscapes—Structure, Functions, and Development Trends (On the Example of Landscapes of Georgia)  [PDF]
Nodar Elizbarashvili, Giorgi Meladze, Lado Grigolia, Gela Sandodze, Sandro Gogoladze, Miranda Gurgenidze
Open Journal of Ecology (OJE) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/oje.2022.121005
Abstract: The article discusses the peculiarities of landscape geography development, types of landscape structure and their types, the essence of cultural landscape and its types, landscape functions and peculiarities of their definition, the main tasks and challenges of using and managing Georgian landscapes.
An Analysis of Climate Impact on Landscape Design  [PDF]
Xuepeishan Chen
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences (ACS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/acs.2016.63037
Abstract: According to the severe climate change in recent days, professionals among different fields now pay more attention to the management and adjustment when meeting the issues of climate. Moreover, climate also obviously affects the natural and designed landscape. To systematically and specifically understand how landscape is designed in response to different climate, this paper will firstly discuss the fundamental interaction between landscape design and climate. And then it will evaluate the different landscape elements dealing with different types of climate, finally and importantly to analysis the definite impact on practical landscape design based on former findings. The result will focus on the decision making on design methods within climate change and provide rational recommendations for designers and planning of future landscape design.
Ancient Himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) lineage in Upper Mustang of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal
Bibek Yumnam,Madhu Chetri,Maheshwar Dhakal,Naresh Subedi,Shant R. Jnawali,Yadvendradev V. Jhala
- , 2016, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.582.5966
Abstract:
Cardioprotective Role of Saxagliptin through Antioxidant Mechanism in Experimental Myocardial Infarction in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats
Annapurna A,M,lem VKK
- , 2017, DOI: 10.4172/2161-1459.1000233
Abstract: Saxagliptin (Dpp-4 inhibitor) is a newer anti-diabetic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has beneficial effect on glycemic control and weight neutral but its effects on the heart during ischemic reperfusion periods are not known. We investigated the effect of Saxagliptin on infarct size in a clinically relevant cardiac I/R injury model in type 2 diabetic rats and its underlying cardioprotective effects. Normal and diabetic rats were randomized to receive Saxagliptin 5 mg/kg b.wt. orally for a period of 4 weeks and were subjected to 30 min left anterior descending artery coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Percentage left ventricle infarction, cardiac biomarkers (SGOT, CK, CKMB) oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, catalase, SOD) were analysed. When compared to control group, saxagliptin produced significant dose-dependent reduction in percentage infarct volume. Saxagliptin, at 5 mg/kg b.wt. dose, there was a significant reduction in SGOT, CK CKMB and MDA levels and in contrast there was a significant increase in anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD and catalase levels. Saxagliptin decreases infarct size and showed significant cardioprotective action mediated by antioxidant mechanisms
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