oalib

OALib Journal期刊

ISSN: 2333-9721

费用：99美元

投稿

时间不限

( 2026 )

( 2025 )

( 2024 )

( 2023 )

自定义范围…

匹配条件： “performance-enhancing drugs” ，找到相关结果约1000条。
列表显示的所有文章，均可免费获取
第1页/共1000条
每页显示 条
Steroid Use, Football, and Catastrophic Injuries: The Paradox of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use
Curtis Fogel
Studies in Sociology of Science , 2012, DOI: 10.3968/2246
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that in Canadian football there is widespread performance-enhancing drugs use. In this paper, a paradox of performance-enhancing drug use is explored, which centers on the notion that football players might face greater risks of injury if they use steroids but greater risks of injury if they do not. This study examines media files, Canadian legal case files, semi-directed interviews with football players and administrators across Canada, autobiographies of professional football players, and various institutional texts involved in disciplinary cases in junior, university, and professional football in Canada. Key Words: Performance-Enhancing Drugs; Steroids; Canadian Football; Sport Policy
Using Control Balance Theory to Examine Sports Doping Among Professional Athletes in Iran
Christopher M. Donner,Saeed Kabiri,Seyyedeh Masoomeh (Shamila) Shadmanfaat
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/0022042619837757
Abstract: The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) is one of the most important issues in the world of sports. At its very heart, this issue speaks to athletic integrity and competitive fairness. When athletes engage in doping, they are committing acts of deviance. The main purpose of this research, accordingly, is to explain why athletes use illegal PEDs. Specifically, we use Tittle’s control balance theory as a conceptual framework. A sample of 852 professional athletes from Iran was used to test assumptions related to control balance theory, and the findings of the study generally indicated that the components of control balance theory predicted athletes’ doping behavior. In addition, the moderating relationships of the control balance model indicated that the relationship between the control deficit and PED use was moderated by the variance in self-control, opportunity, motivation, constraint, perceived benefits, and provocations. Specific results, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed
The Competitive Effects of Performance
Kevin A. Roberts,Scott A. Brave
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/1527002518817584
Abstract: Using estimates of Major League Baseball (MLB) financials from Forbes, we conduct a cost–benefit analysis of performance-enhancing drug (PED) testing. Player PED suspensions are shown to have lowered franchise values by statistically and economically significant margins through negative impacts on teams’ nongate revenues and expected future profit growth. Testing, however, also increased competitive balance through reductions in player costs which compressed the distribution of team wins per dollar. Finally, we estimate the number of PED suspensions per season which balances the costs and benefits of testing at the league and team levels and compare it to MLB’s current policy
The Use and Abuse of Human Growth Hormone in Sports
Ashwin L. Rao,David M. Siebert
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/1941738118782688
Abstract: Recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) has become a target of abuse in the sporting world. Conversely, sports medicine clinicians may encounter athletes using rHGH to achieve normalcy in the context of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Medline and PubMed databases were queried using the following keywords: GH, GH physiology, GH deficiency, acromegaly, GH athlete, GH sports, GH athletic performance, and GH deficiency concussion. Articles focusing on GH physiology, deficiency, excess, and its effects in both deficient and healthy patients were included. Clinical review. Level 3. GH is a naturally occurring hormone with important roles in human physiology. Patients with GH deficiency (GHD) present variably, and GHD has numerous etiologies. rHGH treatment has substantial therapeutic benefits for patients with GHD. The benefits of rHGH treatment in otherwise-healthy adults are uncertain. GH excess may cause health problems such as acromegaly. Professional, collegiate, and international sports leagues and associations have banned rHGH use to maintain athlete health, safety, and fair play. Athletes misusing GH may face prolonged suspensions from competition. Implementing GH abuse testing is challenging, but new methods, such as the biomarker testing procedure, are being finalized. rHGH is not only an important therapeutic agent for GH-deficient patients but also a target of abuse in competitive athletics. Its benefits in a healthy, adult population are uncertain. A safe exercise and competition plan, developed with a physician knowledgeable of GH use, physiology, and abuse potential, should be of benefit to a longitudinal clinician-patient relationship
New research finds that the common arguments against the development of cognitive enhancers are misguided
Society for Neuroscience
Doping Journal , 2005,
Abstract: As the development of cognitive enhancers gains momentum, questions have arisen about the ethics of issues such as the making or taking of a pill that could boost brain power. New research, however, finds that the common arguments against their development are misguided and should be replaced by an understanding that takes into account the subtle differences of the ethics of enhancement. "Our findings may help steer us toward more fruitful discussions regarding cognitive enhancement," says Thomas H. Murray, PhD, of The Hastings Center in Garrison, NY, "and may aid us in answering questions like: What if we could think better?"
Cafeína e desempenho anaeróbio
Caputo, Fabrizio;Aguiar, Rafael Alves de;Turnes, Tiago;Silveira, Bruno Honorato da;
Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano , 2012, DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n5p602
Abstract: the ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic exercises remains controversial. such effect seems to depend on exercise duration, test protocol, and training status of the subjects studied. thus, the objective of this review of the literature was to analyze studies investigating the effect of caffeine on the performance of anaerobic exercises and to discuss the different methods used to measure this effect in order to try to explain controversial results, as well as to present possible mechanisms of action of caffeine. during anaerobic exercises lasting less than 30 seconds, caffeine appears to have an influence only on the performance of athletes; however, there is need of further studies with this population. nevertheless, in longer exercises (from 60 to 180 seconds), caffeine seems to improve performance regardless of the training status. the mechanism of action remains unclear; however, there is evidence that the action of caffeine is multifactorial, since this substance changes central and peripheral characteristics. among the main characteristics, caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, increasing the excitability of the central nervous system and changing the perception of effort and pain, in addition to reducing the sensitivity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during calcium release. further studies investigating the role of caffeine in anaerobic exercises should be conducted using anaerobically trained individuals and protocols similar to those of cyclic sports in order to clarify the contradictory results.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Abuse Concerning Doping in Sport among Syrian Pharmacy Students
Mazen El-Hammadi,Bashar Hunien
Pharmacy , 2013, DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy1020094
Abstract: This study aimed to assess pharmacy students’ knowledge about doping substances used in sport, explore their attitudes toward doping and investigate their misuse of doping drugs. A questionnaire was developed and employed to collect data from bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm) students at the International University for Science and Technology (IUST). Two-hundred and eighty students participated in this self-administrated, paper-based survey. Around 90% of the students did not appear to know that narcotics, β-blockers and diuretics were used in sport as doping agents. Additionally, proportions between 60% and 80% considered vitamins, energy drinks and amino acids as substances that possess performance-enhancing effects. The main reason for doping, based on students’ response, was to improve muscular body appearance. The vast majority of students agreed that pharmacists should play a major role in promoting awareness about risks of doping. While students showed negative attitudes toward doping, approximately 15% of them, primarily males, had already tried a doping drug or might do so in the future. More than 60% of the students believed that sports-mates and friends are the most influential in encouraging them to take a doping agent. The study highlights the need to provide pharmacy students with advanced theoretical background and practical training concerning doping. This can be achieved by adopting simple, but essential, changes to the current curricula.
Current and Potential Roles in Sports Pharmacy: A Systematic Review
Alison D. Hooper,Jennifer Schneider,Joyce M. Cooper,Therése Kairuz
- , 2019, DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7010029
Abstract: (1) Background: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate current and potential roles for pharmacists in sports medicine and to identify key themes in outcomes reported in studies. (2) Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched in January 2019. Peer-reviewed, original research articles were considered for inclusion. Articles published in a language other than English were excluded. Quality appraisal was performed independently by two authors. (3) Results: Findings of 11 eligible articles (10 observational and 1 experimental study design) were grouped into three themes: (i) doping prevention and control, (ii) injury management and first aid, and (iii) educational and curricular needs. Pharmacists were perceived as a good potential source of information about doping and are enthusiastic about counseling athletes, but lack knowledge and confidence in this area. While pharmacists were frequently consulted for advice on managing sprains and strains, their advice was not always guided by current evidence. Pharmacists and pharmacy students recalled limited opportunity for education in sports pharmacy. (4) Conclusion: Pharmacists showed a willingness and an aptitude to counsel athletes. However, lack of knowledge and confidence, and limited educational opportunities, were key barriers. More research is necessary to support pharmacists in this role
Dietary Supplements and Sport Performance - A Comprehensive Review
Lenasi, Helena,？elb, Julij
- , 2017, DOI: 10.26332/seemedj.v1i2.49
Abstract: Sa？etak Comprehensive articles on dietary supplements and their impact of on sport performance which would enable professional and recreational sportsmen evidence based information are sparse. Therefore, we investigated eight different dietary supplements, commonly used among recreative and endurance sportsmen according to available literature were analyzed, namely: Antioxidants, B-alanine, Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), Caffeine, Carbohydrates, Creatine, Nitric oxide /nitrates, and proteins. Their mechanisms of action was shortly presented along with their potential beneficial and harmful side effects and safety. i.) Antioxidants: Sufficient amount of antioxidants is available in a balanced diet ii.) B-alanine: Supplementation is likely to be beneficial in high-intensity exercises. iii.) BCAAs: No review articles in English were available iv.) Caffeine: Caffeine supplementation is beneficial in endurance exercises v.) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate supplementation is probably beneficial in exercises of durations longer than one hour vi.) Creatine: Creatine supplementation is effective in high intensity, short-lasting exercises, while it does not seem to have any ergogenic effect in aerobic exercises. vii.) Nitric oxide/nitrates: Nitrate supplementation has a small but meaningful performance enhancing effect, most apparent in situations of insufficient perfusion (hypoxia…). viii.) Proteins: Protein supplementation, in combination with resistance exercise, most likely has beneficial effects on lean body mass and muscle strength. Studies on the long term safety of the above supplements are mostly lacking. Most of the revised dietary supplements, if used for intended exercise regime, provide some sort of sport performance enhancement. On the other hand, the studies about the safety of the long term supplementation are mostly lacking
Caffeine and anaerobic. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n5p602
Fabrizio Caputo,Rafael Alves de Aguiar,Tiago Turnes,Bruno Honorato da Silveira
Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano , 2012,
Abstract: The ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic exercises remains controversial. Such effect seems to depend on exercise duration, test protocol, and training status of the subjects studied. Thus, the objective of this review of the literature was to analyze studies investigating the effect of caffeine on the performance of anaerobic exercises and to discuss the different methods used to measure this effect in order to try to explain controversial results, as well as to present possible mechanisms of action of caffeine. During anaerobic exercises lasting less than 30 seconds, caffeine appears to have an influence only on the performance of athletes; however, there is need of further studies with this population. Nevertheless, in longer exercises (from 60 to 180 seconds), caffeine seems to improve performance regardless of the training status. The mechanism of action remains unclear; however, there is evidence that the action of caffeine is multifactorial, since this substance changes central and peripheral characteristics. Among the main characteristics, caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, increasing the excitability of the central nervous system and changing the perception of effort and pain, in addition to reducing the sensitivity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during calcium release. Further studies investigating the role of caffeine in anaerobic exercises should be conducted using anaerobically trained individuals and protocols similar to those of cyclic sports in order to clarify the contradictory results.
第1页/共1000条
每页显示 条


Home
Copyright © 2008-2020 Open Access Library. All rights reserved.