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Evolution and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism: aligning phylogenetic and experimental evidence
Matja？ Kuntner,Mark A. Elgar
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 2014, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00026
Abstract: Integrating the insights derived from both phylogenetic and experimental approaches offers a more complete understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes, yet it is rarely a feature of investigations of the evolutionary significance of trait variation. We combine these approaches to reinterpret the patterns and processes in the evolution of female biased sexual size dimorphism in Nephilidae, a spider lineage characterized by the most extreme sexual size dimorphism among terrestrial animals. We use a molecular phylogeny to reconstruct the size evolution for each sex and reveal a case of “sexually dimorphic gigantism”: both sexes steadily outgrow their ancestral sizes, but the female and male slopes differ, and hence sexual size dimorphism steadily increases. A review of the experimental evidence reveals a predominant net selection for large size in both sexes, consistent with the phylogenetic pattern for females but not for males. Thus, while sexual size dimorphism in spiders most likely originates and is maintained by fecundity selection on females, it is unclear what selection pressures prevent males from becoming as large as females. This integrated approach highlights the dangers of inferring evolutionary significance from experimental studies that isolate the effects of single selection pressures.
Spondylo-epiphyseal dysplacea tarda (a case report).
Pathare A,Kothari M,Chikhalikar A,Dalvi S
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine , 1991,
Abstract: A rare case of disproportionate short stature suggestive of spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda is reported and relevant literature reviewed. It is emphasized that its radiological features show a marked similarity to ochronotic spine, with which it is therefore commonly mistaken. An indeterminate pigment was observed in the liver biopsy in this case with connective tissue disorder.
A Chinese Family with Pseudoachondroplasia Caused by COMP Gene Mutation  [PDF]
Xiao Han, Yinhe Wang, Wenjin Yan, Jin Dai, Qing Jiang
Advances in Anthropology (AA) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/aa.2019.91007
Abstract: Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH; MIM 177170) is a rare disease which was characterized by disproportionate short stature, deformity of the lower limbs, brachydactyly, loose joints, and ligamentous laxity. It is an autosomal dominant osteochondrodysplasia presented in childhood, and usually resolved with age, but osteoarthritis is progressive and severe. Genetic testing using the whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing was performed for the patients, a 30-year-old woman and her affected son, who is only 8 years old. A heterozygous mutationin exon 15 of COMP (c.1675G > A, p.Glu559Lys, NM 000095.2) was identified. The Polyphen-2 predicted that the mutation may damage the COMP protein function. This study suggested that the heterozygous mutations in COMP were responsible for PSACH and demonstrated the genotype-phenotype relationship between mutations in COMP and clinical characteristics of PSACH.
徐辉甫“釜底抽薪”论治小儿矮小症经验
The Experience of Xu Huifu’s Treatment of Pediatric Dwarfism Based on “Removing the Fuel from the Fire”  [PDF]
王卿云, 徐辉甫
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) , 2023, DOI: 10.12677/TCM.2023.126207
Abstract: 中医认为矮小症以虚为主，临床多见脾胃虚弱者，可伴有心肝血虚；先天肾气不足者次之，值天癸萌发之际或可见阴虚火旺之证；其病靶在骨髓、筋脉。武汉市第一医院儿科徐辉甫主任治疗矮小症多年，认为小儿为纯阳之体，常心肝有余，在病理上可表现为不寐及情志问题，且心主脉，肝主筋，遂以五脏辨证为基础，自创“釜底抽薪”疗法，通过疏肝宁心，调摄五脏，从心肝入手，用以疏肝宁心、养血柔筋调脉的药物，并注重结合时令，以达到对临床患儿阴平阳秘、茁壮成长的目的。
Traditional Chinese medicine holds that pediatric dwarfism is mainly due to deficiency. Clinically, it is more common in patients with the deficiency of stomach and spleen, and may be accompanied with the deficiency of heart, liver and blood. Those with congenital kidney qi deficiency are second, and may present with yin deficiency and hyperactive fire during the period of the sprouting of the Tian Gui or Kidney Essence. The disease targets the bone marrow and tendons. Director Xu Huifu of the Wuhan Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital has been treating pediatric dwarfism for many years. He believes that children are pure yang in nature, with abundant heart and liver. Pathologically, this may manifest as insomnia and emotional problems. The heart governs the pulse, and the liver governs the tendons. Therefore, based on the differentiation of the Viscera Theory, he created the “removing the fuel from the fire” method. By soothing the liver and calming the mind, regulating the Viscera, starting from the heart and liver, he uses medicines to soothe the liver, calm the mind, nourish the blood, soften the tendons, and regulate the pulse, and pays attention to the combination of seasonal changes, in order to achieve the goal of balancing yin and yang and promoting healthy growth in clinical patients.
Nanismo hipofisário em um canino: achados clínicos e laboratoriais
Gaspar, Luiz Fernando Jantzen;Amaral, Anne Santos do;
Ciência Rural , 1995, DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84781995000300024
Abstract: this case report is about dwarfism in a german shepherd dog, female, 14 months old. clinical signals are described. the endocrinologic investigation was realized by dosages of plasma levels of growth hormone, pré and post xilazine estimulation. the maximal level of gh post-estimulation was 1ng/dl.
Nanismo nutricional em escolares no Brasil
Laurentino, Glória Elizabeth Carneiro;Arruda, Ilma Kruse Grande de;Arruda, Bertoldo Kruse Grande de;
Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil , 2003, DOI: 10.1590/S1519-38292003000400002
Abstract: literature review on stunting in brazil. the following topics have been analyzed: problem's definition, the use of schoolchildren's height as the best method to evaluate population health and nutritional status, the main causes and consequences demonstrated in the literature and, at last, the scope of this problem in brazil. according to lierature the prevalence of stunting varies in different regions of brazil. the poorest results are found in the north and northeast. the main determinants of linear growth retardation are poor environmental conditions and among the consequences, results indicate lower physical and mental capacity.
Displasia tanatofórica: Reporte de un caso y revisión
Giraldo-Cuartas,Alejandro;
Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología , 2008,
Abstract: objective: the article presents a clinical case of a 29-week pregnant woman, with a previous achondroplasia diagnosis, but after a detail ultrasound scan (2d-3d) a thanatophoric dysplasia (dt) was found and confirmed postmortem. conclusion: the article emphasizes in the scan interpretation of the characteristic findings of the dt and the differential diagnostic with achondroplasia, as well as the need to focus the restriction growth diagnosis criteria on function of the fetal growth curve, not reassigning a new gestational age with each new scan. some recommendations respect to ultrasonography report are given.
Nanismo hipofisiario
SANTIAGO MUZZO,HERNAN MU？OZ
Revista chilena de pediatría , 1942,
Abstract:
Robinow syndrome
Suresh S
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics , 2008,
Abstract: Robinow syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive mesomelic dwarfism with just more than 100 cases reported in the literature so far. The lower extremity is spared with skeletal deformity usually confined to the forearm, hand, and the dorsal spine. Diagnosis is made easily in the early childhood by the typical "fetal facies" appearance, which disappears to a certain extent as the patient grows. The author reports two cases of this entity with vertebral segmentation defects, rib fusion, and typical severe brachymelia and facial features.
Progeria syndrome: A case report
Rastogi Rajul,Chander Mohan S
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics , 2008,
Abstract: Progeria is a rare and peculiar combination of dwarfism and premature aging. The incidence is one in several million births. It occurs sporadically and is probably an autosomal recessive syndrome. Though the clinical presentation is usually typical, conventional radiological and biochemical investigations help in confirming the diagnosis. We present a rare case of progeria with most of the radiological features as a pictorial essay.
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