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Evolution and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism: aligning phylogenetic and experimental evidence
Matja？ Kuntner,Mark A. Elgar
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 2014, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00026
Abstract: Integrating the insights derived from both phylogenetic and experimental approaches offers a more complete understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes, yet it is rarely a feature of investigations of the evolutionary significance of trait variation. We combine these approaches to reinterpret the patterns and processes in the evolution of female biased sexual size dimorphism in Nephilidae, a spider lineage characterized by the most extreme sexual size dimorphism among terrestrial animals. We use a molecular phylogeny to reconstruct the size evolution for each sex and reveal a case of “sexually dimorphic gigantism”: both sexes steadily outgrow their ancestral sizes, but the female and male slopes differ, and hence sexual size dimorphism steadily increases. A review of the experimental evidence reveals a predominant net selection for large size in both sexes, consistent with the phylogenetic pattern for females but not for males. Thus, while sexual size dimorphism in spiders most likely originates and is maintained by fecundity selection on females, it is unclear what selection pressures prevent males from becoming as large as females. This integrated approach highlights the dangers of inferring evolutionary significance from experimental studies that isolate the effects of single selection pressures.
Síndrome de Sotos y escoliosis: Tratamiento quirúrgico y seguimiento a los 10 a？os
Corrado,Romina María Rosa; Francheri Wilson,Alejandra; Tello,Carlos Alberto; Galaretto,Eduardo; Noel,Mariano Augusto; Bersusky,Ernesto;
Revista de la Asociaci？3n Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatolog？-a , 2010,
Abstract: background: sotos syndrome is caused by a gene deletion with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. cerebral gigantism, hypotonia and joint hyperextensibility are characteristic features of this syndrome. methods: we retrospectively evaluated 42 patients with a diagnosis of sotos syndrome treated at the garrahan children hospital between 1988 and march 2009. clinical charts and imaging studies were assessed. results: eight patients (19%) presented with scoliosis and 7 of them (87%) required surgical treatment. the mean follow-up was 9.5 years (range, 3-18 years). mean age at first consultation was 5.2 years (range, 1.2-11.2). mean angle value (mav) at first consultation was 34.3° (range 20o-42o). mean age at surgery was 11.2 years (range, 3-18.10). the surgical procedures performed were instrumented posterior arthrodesis, alone or combined with anterior arthrodesis, instrumented anterior arthrodesis, and one patients being currently treated with growing rods. presurgical mav was 72.3° (range 46o-130o) and postsurgical mav was 45.5° (range 6o-90o). there were three early complications (pleural effusion in two cases and death due to sepsis in one) and two late complications (kyphosis above the instrumentation and dislodgement of the proximal hooks). conclusiones: the incidence of scoliosis in sotos syndrome is higher than that reported for the general population. close monitoring of these patients during growth is important for early diagnosis. at the moment of surgery, joint hyperextensibility and hypotonia should be considered and short fusions should not be used in order to avoid complications.
Familial gigantism
Herder, Wouter W. de;
Clinics , 2012, DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(Sup01)06
Abstract: familial gh-secreting tumors are seen in association with three separate hereditary clinical syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, carney complex, and familial isolated pituitary adenomas.
Proteus syndrome
Debi Basanti,Nayak Surajit,Da Rajendra,Acharjya Basanti
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , 2005,
Abstract: Proteus syndrome is a variable and complex disorder characterized by multifocal overgrowths affecting any tissue or structure of the body. We present a girl aged 3 years and 8 months with an epidermal nevus, port-wine stain, macrodactyly with gigantism of the feet, lymphohemagiomas and multiple lipomas.
The amount of knowledge in Iranian female adolescents student about osteoporosis and its risk factors
Mirzaaghaee F,Moinfar Z,Eftekhari S,Karimi Khezri M
Hayat Journal of Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery , 2006,
Abstract: Background & Aim: Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease which is the result of gradual destruction of bone mass and its most serious and frequent complication is hip fracture. Because adolescent females are the high risk group of affecting this disease, the purpose of this study was to assay female students’ knowledge’s about osteoporosis and its risk factors. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study with a 31-item questionnaire was used in this research. A convenience sample of 1000 adolescents in grade 1-3 who attended at 6 high schools participated in this study. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed by chi2 and T tests. Results: According to 22 questions about knowledge, sufficient knowledge of students was estimated 40.8%. Among 10 factors related to the family, only correlation between father occupation and knowledge was significant statically (p=0.049). Knowledge was higher in independent- medicine versus dependent medicine occupations. Conclusion: Overall, the knowledge of these assayed female students about this disease and its risk factors including sex, race, smoking, sun exposure, exercise, calcium- rich foods and menopause and its complications was limited.
La contratación de mujeres inmigrantes. Una alternativa a la crisis del cuidado de las personas? Employing Immigrant Women: An Alternative to the Care Crisis?
Ramona Torrens-Bonet
Portularia : Revista de Trabajo Social , 2012, DOI: 10.5218/prts.2012.0024
Abstract: En una etapa de crisis de los trabajos del cuidado de personas, "crisis of care o care déficit, emerge una nueva división del trabajo entre familia, mercado y Estado que refuerza la mercantilización progresiva de la atención a la dependencia. Entre otras manifestaciones, las familias externalizan los trabajos de cuidado hacia el servicio doméstico y se crea y mantiene, así, un nicho laboral precario e inestable caracterizado por una regulación obsoleta de estos trabajos. Las trabajadoras inmigrantes asumen, a través de un mercado que opera a escala global (las cadenas globales del cuidado), una parte de los trabajos de cuidado remunerados, configurando un modelo migratorio capaz de satisfacer las insuficiencias de servicios para este sector. Nos centramos en la contratación de mujeres inmigrantes como una de las estrategias para resolver la necesidad de cuidado de las personas mayores en un nuevo medio rural caracterizado por el sobreenvejecimiento (cuidadoras informales mayores); por la imposibilidad de recorrer los relieves generacionales; por la insuficiencia y dificultad de acceso a servicios especializados y por la visibilidad de las mujeres inmigrantes como agentes sociales y económicos. Por qué ellas? La presencia de mujeres inmigrantes en las nuevas ruralidades permite la expansión y generalización de un sistema informal de provisión de atención a las personas mayores, que sustituye la acción de cuidar llevada a cabo hasta ahora por las mujeres de la familia. El cuidado es extraído del contexto familiar-doméstico sin transgredir la consigna tradicional, local, de "envejecer en casa". La familia demanda más afecto que profesionalidad, aunque en un contexto de relación mercantil que se realiza dentro de la privacidad del ámbito familiar. Disponibilidad y flexibilidad son las consignas de los empleadores. La vulnerabilidad de la situación de la mujer inmigrante y su necesidad de trabajar es una garantía de estabilidad para los familiares empleadores. In the current crisis of caring, a new division of labour has emerged among family, market and State that reinforces the progressive commercialization of dependent care. Among other actions, families externalize care jobs to domestic assistants, thus creating and maintaining a precarious and unstable niche in the labour market that is governed by obsolete regulations. Through the global care chain, the immigrant workers take on some of the family's care responsibilities in return for payment, thus forming a migratory model that is able to satisfy the lack of services in this sector. This paper focuses
Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism): analysis of 8 cases
Melo, Débora Gusm？o;Acosta, Angelina Xavier;Salles, Maria Aparecida de Almeida;Pina-Neto, Jo？o Monteiro de;Castro, José Daniel Vieira de;Santos, Antonio Carlos;
Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria , 2002, DOI: 10.1590/S0004-282X2002000200009
Abstract: sotos syndrome or cerebral gigantism is characterized by macrocephaly, overgrowth, mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities. congenital heart defects may be present. we report 8 patients with this syndrome and relate their clinical features, neuroimaging and echocardiographic findings.
Acromegalia: presentación de un caso
Aguilar Oliva,Serguey; Escobar Morí,Clemencia; Pe？a Guevara,Rebeca; Filiberto Céspedes,Antonio;
Revista Archivo M？？dico de Camag？？ey , 2011,
Abstract: background: acromegaly is a disease caused by a chronic and inappropriate hypersecretion of growth hormone (gh) started after the closure of connecting cartilages, increased secretion happens while they remain open, originates gigantism. in general, acromegaly develops very slowly, where there are typical morphological changes of the ostearticular, neurological and cardiovascular function that leads to a decrease in life expectancy, gigantism is much rarer than acromegaly, and other cases of extrahypophysial hypersecretion of growth hormone are tumors of pancreatic islets′. clinical case: 70 year-old male patient, mixed skin, presented an acromegaly and he was attended in the medicine ward at the university hospital amalia simoni, with a clinical picture fundamentally characterized by increase in volume of fingers, frontal bone, lips and nose. after being assessed by several specialties was decided his transferral to havana province for growth hormone dosage and his definitive treatment.
Macrodistrofia Lipomatosa: Reporte de un Caso
CAMMARATA-SCALISI,FRANCISCO; CAMPAGNARO GEREMIA,JOSé GREGORIO; DA SILVA,GLORIA; OLIVO CUESTA,CARLA;
Revista chilena de pediatría , 2010, DOI: 10.4067/S0370-41062010000600007
Abstract: macrodystrophia lipomatosa (ml), is a rare cause of non-hereditary localized gigantism, due to the progressi-ve proliferation of mesenchymal tissue, with a disproportionate increase of fibroadipose tissue in one or more digits of the affected extremity. this congenital abnormality occurs more frequently in the distribution of the median nerve (arm) and plantar nerve (leg). etiology is uncertain, and it is frequently misdiagnosed as another cause of macrodactylia. this paper？reports a case of a 6 y.o. boy who presented overgrowth of the lst and 2nd digit of the？right foot, and slight increase of the 3rd digit in the other foot. a multidisciplinary evaluation was performed, corresponding to the second case reported in venezuela.
Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism): analysis of 8 cases
Melo Débora Gusm？o,Acosta Angelina Xavier,Salles Maria Aparecida de Almeida,Pina-Neto Jo？o Monteiro de
Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria , 2002,
Abstract: Sotos syndrome or cerebral gigantism is characterized by macrocephaly, overgrowth, mental retardation and central nervous system abnormalities. Congenital heart defects may be present. We report 8 patients with this syndrome and relate their clinical features, neuroimaging and echocardiographic findings.
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