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Paradigmas de control de la malaria en Guatemala, siglos XX y XXI, de la erradicación a la eliminación Paradigms of the malarial control in Guatemala in the 20th and 21st centuries moving from eradication to elimination
Jaime Juárez
Revista Cubana de Salud Pública , 2013,
Abstract: La malaria continúa siendo un problema de salud pública mundial. Durante los siglos XX y XXI el abordaje de esta enfermedad sufrió cambios paradigmáticos muy interesantes, pero principalmente estuvo influenciado por los descubrimientos relacionados con la segunda guerra mundial, la situación económica mundial, el advenimiento de nuevas estrategias de control y el abordaje de la enfermedad por medio de la participación comunitaria y el sector de la salud. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los cambios de paradigmas desde una óptica vertical o erradicación, a una horizontal o eliminación, y desde lo positivista cuantitativo a lo mixto, en el abordaje de la malaria en Guatemala. Se realiza una rese a histórica de la malaria y se discuten los aspectos bioéticos del uso del insecticida dicloro-difenil-tricloroetano a nivel mundial. En los países desarrollados fueron justificadas las intervenciones de erradicación con el rociamiento intradomiciliar del insecticida citado y completarlas con el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la malaria; la realidad en la mayoría de los países en vías de desarrollo, fue diferente, puesto que no pudieron mantener los programas de erradicación por problemas financieros, un ejemplo claro de iniquidad global. Guatemala en esta década trabaja en la fase de preeliminación-eliminación, con buenos resultados, lo que marca un cambio de paradigma e indica que las medidas contra la malaria deben ser horizontales y favorecer el trabajo intra e intersectorial. Malaria remains a world health problem. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the approach to this disease underwent very interesting paradigmatic changes, but they were influenced by breakthroughs derived from the Second World Wear, the international economic situations, the advent of new monitoring strategies and the approach to the disease based on the community and the health sector involvement. The objective of this paper was to present changes in paradigms form a vertical perspective or eradication to a horizontal viewpoint or elimination, and from a quantitative positivist to a combined standpoint in addressing malaria in Guatemala. A historical account of malaria was made and the bioethical aspects of the use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane worldwide were discussed. The eradicating interventions by using the insecticidal spraying of houses were backed up in the developed countries. This was supplemented with the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. However, the situation was different in most of the developing countries, since their financial restrictions did not make poss
SUSCEPTIBILITY STATUS OF PHLEBOTOMUS PAPATASI TO DDT IN THE MOST IMPORTANT FOCUS OF ZOONOTIC CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS, ISFAHAN PROVINCE, IRAN
M.R.Yaghoobi-Ershadi,E. Javadian
Iranian Journal of Public Health , 1995,
Abstract: With regard to the importance of determining the susceptibility level of sandflies to insecticides in control operations especially in leishmaniasis foci, the susceptibility status of P.papatasi collected from indoors in several villages in the rural districts of Varzaneh and Borkhar, Isgahan was tested against 4.0% DDT following a standard WHO technique during 1991-92. These species is the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and sandfly fever to man. In this program 72 series of susceptibility tests were carried out on a total of 2360 fed P.papatasi collected by aspiration from 6 villages in two rural districts. Our studies showed that P.papatasi is tolerant to DDT in the rural district of Borkhar, north of Isfahan. LT50 and LT90 values were calculated in both areas. Comparisons of LT90 of the two population of P.papatasi in Varzaneh and Borkhar rural districts showed significant differences between them.
A REVIEW OF THE MALARIA SITUATION IN IRIAN JAYA
Suriadi Gunawan
Bulletin of Health Research , 2012,
Abstract: Karangan ini merupakan tinjauan mengenai situasi malaria di Irian Jaya hingga tahun 1980. Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting karena menyebabkan 14% dari kematian di rumah sakit dan 20% dari kunjungan ke fasilitas kesehatan. Malaria adalah hiper sampai mesoendemik di daerah pantai dan dataran rendah, sedangkan di dae-rah pegunungan sampai ketinggian 1700 m malaria tidak stabil dan potensial epidemik. Yang menjadi vektor ialah kelompok Anopheles punctulatus yang exo atau endophagik secara fakultatif serta bersifat exofilik. Program pemberantasan malaria yang didasarkan pada penyemprotan rumah dengan DDT melin-dungi sekitar 300.000 penduduk di 15 lokasi. Di semua lokasi penyemprotan angka parasit memang turun, kecuali di daerah Genyem (Nimboran) di mana dicurigai adanya resistensi nyamuk terhadap DDT, tetapi transmisi malaria masih berjalan terus. Pembagian obat secara massal (chloroquin dan pyrimethamin) juga tidak menghasilkan penurunan penu-laran yang diharapkan. Pemberantasan malaria di Irian Jaya menghadapi berbagai hambatan yang sangat besar. Selain ma-salah operasional, keuangan dan perilaku manusia, terdapat pula masalah teknis seperti berkembangnya resistensi P. falciparum terhadap pyrimethamin dan proguanil (1959), chloroquin (1973) dan sulfadoxin/ fansidar (1979) serta kemungkinan berkembangnya resistensi vektor terhadap DDT. Pemberantasan malaria di Irian Jaya perlu dievaluasi secara menyeluruh dan penelitian yang ber-sifat operasional perlu dilaksanakan untuk menyusun suatu program yang lebih rasional dan sesuai de-ngan kondisi setempat. Meningkatnya malaria akan menghambat pembangunan, maka penanggulangannya mutlak dilak-sanakan untuk menjamin berhasilnya proyek-proyek pembangunan sosial-ekonomi di propinsi tersebut.
A o de herbicidas sobre mecanismos de defesa das plantas aos patógenos
Rizzardi Mauro Ant？nio,Fleck Nilson Gilberto,Agostinetto Dirceu,Balbinot Jr. Alvadi Ant？nio
Ciência Rural , 2003,
Abstract: As plantas necessitam defender-se continuamente do ataque de agentes biológicos e de estresses do ambiente. A imobilidade e a falta de sistema imunológico, como ocorre em animais, fizeram com que as plantas desenvolvessem mecanismos de defesa, em que cada célula possui tanto capacidade de defesa induzida quanto pré-formada. No entanto, esses mecanismos podem ser influenciados pelo uso de herbicidas. A presente revis o objetivou apresentar os efeitos de herbicidas em mecanismos de defesa das plantas contra patógenos, bem como analisar as possíveis conseqüências desse conhecimento no manejo de plantas daninhas e de culturas. Alguns herbicidas influenciam a severidade de doen as, induzindo ou inibindo a síntese de fitoalexinas. Herbicidas do grupo químico difeniléteres geram espécies reativas de oxigênio, as quais mediam a ativa o de genes de defesa responsáveis pela síntese de fitoalexinas e também por rea o de hipersensibilidade. O uso de subdoses de glyphosate ocasiona efeito contrário, diminuindo a produ o de fitoalexinas e aumentando a severidade de doen as. A constata o desses efeitos requer a ado o de estratégias de manejo que minimizem seus impactos negativos ou que se beneficiem desses efeitos, como pode ocorrer quando do uso de bioherbicidas.
Detection of health hazard insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in some common marine dry fish samples from Bangladesh  [PDF]
Mohammad Abdul Momin Siddique, Mahbuba Aktar
Health (Health) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.44027
Abstract: Objectives: The general purpose of this study is to detection and determination of the concentration level of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in some commercially available marine dry fishes and to investigate the contamination status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) of these dry fishes. Methods: Samples were collected from six largest dry fish markets (three from Chittagong district and three from Cox’s Bazar district) and four types of dry fishes were taken in this study are Ribbon fish (Lepturacanthus savala), Sin Croaker (Johnius dussumieri), Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and Shrimp (mixed species). Total numbers of samples were 24 that were analyzed in the laboratory. Results: The results of the study show that the mean concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the samples of Ribbon fish, Bombay duck and Sin croaker were ranged between 130.85 - 153.47ppb, 125.21 - 181.4ppb and 119.86 – 208.65ppb respectively. The mean concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were found at a lower amount in shrimp sp. than the other. Conclusions: This result indicates that the concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in dry fish samples from Bangladesh are higher and may causes chronic disease and potential long-term risk for human health.
Uso de rea？？es de fenton na remedia？？o de solo contaminado com p,p´ DDT
Villa, R. D.;Nogueira, R. F. P.;
Eclética Química , 2005, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-46702005000200009
Abstract: in this work, two different systems were studied using fenton reactions for the remediation of a soil contaminated with p,p′ ddt. the first involved the generation of a slurry with the contaminated soil, where the fenton reagents (fe2+ and h2o2) were added. the second system, a slurry was not formed and the reagents were added by an injector tube directly to the soil. the parameters that may influence the fenton reaction such as the presence of iron mineral and solar irradiation were evaluated. the main mineral iron species in the soil is hematite (fe2o3), which had little influence on the contaminant degradation. in the slurry experiments without soluble iron addition, the degradation percentage of p,p′ ddt was bellow 25% in 24 hours of reactions. in the slurry experiments in the presence of soluble iron, the degradation of p,p′ ddt reached 70% in 32 hours, while in experiments without slurry the degradation reached only 32% in the same time. in both systems, the solar irradiation had little influence on the contaminant degradation. the results indicate that for the remediation of this soil, it is necessary to add soluble iron and that the slurry system results in higher efficiency of p,p′ ddt degradation.
DDT reintroduction for malaria control: the cost-benefit debate for public health
Guimar？es, Raphael Mendon？a;Asmus, Carmen Ildes Rodrigues Fróes;Meyer, Armando;
Cadernos de Saúde Pública , 2007, DOI: 10.1590/S0102-311X2007001200004
Abstract: ddt is a persistent insecticide that was widely used in the world from the 1940s until the 70s, when it was banned in the united states and other countries. most of its toxic effects are not observed in the acute forms, but particularly after chronic exposure. these long-term issues include reproductive effects, varying according to the time of life in which the individuals were exposed. the aims of the current study were to review the principal toxicological effects of ddt on reproduction, stratifying by physiological periods of exposure, and based on the magnitude of these effects, to discuss the cost-benefit relationship of reintroducing ddt with the specifically defined vector control criteria.
DDT (dicloro difenil tricloroetano): toxicidade e contamina？？o ambiental - uma revis？o
D'Amato, Claudio;Torres, Jo？o P. M.;Malm, Olaf;
Química Nova , 2002, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422002000600017
Abstract: ddt and others organochlorine insecticides are very persistent substances. clinical symptoms of intoxication have been reported in humans, although the main problem concerning such substances is bioaccumulation and biomagnification along throphic chains, leading to contamination of top predators and humans after them. in this review these characteristics are described, as well as some aspects of the control of vector borne diseases, like leishmaniasis and malaria, which were until recently, controlled by the health authorities using ddt.
El DDT y el combate de la malaria en Venezuela
Luis Eduardo Traviezo Valles
Salud, Arte y Cuidado , 2008,
Abstract: Estas siglas indican el nombre deun poderoso insecticida, el Dicloro-Difenil-Tricloroetano, en la actualidad1,1,1-Tricloro-2,2-bis(4-clorofenil)-etano, de fórmula ClC6H4)2CH(CCl3) esun polvo blanco, casi sin olor, insolubleen agua y soluble en alcohol y otroscompuestos orgánicos que fuedescubierto en 1874 por el estudiante deQuímica austriaco Othmar Zeidlersiendo este su trabajo de tesis en laUniversidad de Estrasburgo (Francia),siendo publicado posteriormente en unarevista alemana; Zeidler vivió y muriósin saber que había descubierto uno delos más importantes insecticidas de laépoca, quedando este descubrimiento enel total anonimato hasta 60 a osdespués cuando en 1938 Paul Muller unsuizo que trabajaba para los laboratoriosGeigy en Basiles (Suiza) descubre lapotente acción insecticida del DDT
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DDT RESISTANCE IN ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES
A.Zaini,AV.Manouchehri
Iranian Journal of Public Health , 1973,
Abstract: Anopheles culicifacies is the vector of malaria in southeastern part of Iran, India, West Pakistan and Ceylon. In 1959 the LC50 % DDT in the Panchmahal district of Gujarat state (India) had increased. DDT resistant population of A. culicifacies has been reported from West Pakistan, Burma and Iran. After application of DDT in 1959, the density of A. culicifacies decreased sharply. The susceptibility test carried out in 1963 showed that the LC50 was 0.5%.After DDT spraying, followed by Dieldrin, for about 10 years the density of A. culicifacies was so negligible that it was not possible to perform susceptibility tests. By April and May of 1973 the density of A.culicifacies in Saidabad, Khairabad and Hit in Baluchesten province, Southeast of Iran, increased to about 500 per shelter. The susceptibility tests carried out showed that A. culicfacies is resistant to DDT and susceptible to Dieldrin and Malathion.
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