oalib

OALib Journal期刊

ISSN: 2333-9721

费用：99美元

投稿
匹配条件： “cross-national harmonisation of measures of childcare” ，找到相关结果约1000条。
列表显示的所有文章，均可免费获取
第1页/共1000条
每页显示 条
Harmonising extended measures of parental childcare in the time-diary surveys of four countries – Proximity versus responsibility
Killian Mullan,Lyn Craig
Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research , 2009,
Abstract: Measures of childcare drawn from time-diary data are commonly based on the specific childcare activities a parent engages in throughout the day. This emphasis on activities has been criticised as it ignores the large quantity of time parents spend supervising their children. In order to provide more accurate estimates of childcare that incorporate supervisory childcare, researchers have turned to extended measures of care based on being i) in proximity to children or ii) responsible for children. There has been debate about the extent to which these approaches each measure the same aspect of childcare. In addition, it is thought they may be sensitive tothe way surveys have been designed, which can affect the extent to which they can be compared crossnationally. We argue that measures of proximity and responsibility are conceptually interchangeable, anddemonstrate that they can be harmonised and compared cross-nationally. Finally, we suggest ways in which these extended measures of childcare can be made increasingly comparable cross-nationally.
Different initiatives across Europe to enhance losartan utilisation post generics: impact and implications
Brian Godman,Samantha Alvarez-Madrazo,Anna Bucsics,Steven Simoens,Corinne Zara
Frontiers in Pharmacology , 2014, DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00219
Abstract: Introduction: There is an urgent need for health authorities across Europe to fully realise potential savings from increased use of generics to sustain their healthcare systems. A variety of strategies were used across Europe following the availability of generic losartan, the first angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB] to be approved and marketed, to enhance its prescribing versus single-sourced drugs in the class. Demand-side strategies ranged from 100% co-payment for patented ARBs in Denmark to no specific measures. We hypothesised this heterogeneity of approaches would provide opportunities to explore prescribing in a class following patent expiry. Objective: Contrast the impact of the different approaches among European countries and regions to the availability of generic losartan to provide future guidance. Methodology: Retrospective segmented regression analyses applying linear random coefficient models with country specific intercepts and slopes were used to assess the impact of the various initiatives across Europe following the availability of generic losartan. Utilisation measured in defined daily doses (DDDs). Price reductions for generic losartan were also measured. Results: Utilisation of losartan was over 90% of all ARBs in Denmark by the study end. Multiple measures in Sweden and one English primary care group also appreciably enhanced losartan utilisation. Losartan utilisation actually fell in some countries with no specific demand-side measures. Considerable differences were seen in the prices of generic losartan. Conclusion: Delisting single-sourced ARBs produced the greatest increase in losartan utilisation. Overall, multiple demand-side measures are needed to change physician prescribing habits to fully realise savings from generics. There is no apparent ‘spill over’ effect from one class to another to influence future prescribing patterns even if these are closely related.
Cross-national agreement on disability weights: the European Disability Weights Project
Micha？l Schwarzinger, Marlies EA Stouthard, Kristina Burstr？m, Erik Nord, the European Disability Weights Group
Population Health Metrics , 2003, DOI: 10.1186/1478-7954-1-9
Abstract: Disability weights for fifteen disease stages were elicited empirically in panels of health care professionals or non-health care professionals with an academic background following a strictly standardised procedure. Three valuation methods were used: a visual analogue scale (VAS); the time trade-off technique (TTO); and the person trade-off technique (PTO). Agreement among England, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden on the three disability weight sets was analysed by means of an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in the framework of generalisability theory. Agreement among the two types of panels was similarly assessed.A total of 232 participants were included. Similar rankings of disease stages across countries were found with all valuation methods. The ICC of country agreement on disability weights ranged from 0.56 [95% CI, 0.52–0.62] with PTO to 0.72 [0.70–0.74] with VAS and 0.72 [0.69–0.75] with TTO. The ICC of agreement between health care professionals and non-health care professionals ranged from 0.64 [0.58–0.68] with PTO to 0.73 [0.71–0.75] with VAS and 0.74 [0.72–0.77] with TTO.Overall, the study supports a reasonably high level of agreement on disability weights in Western European countries with VAS and TTO methods, which focus on individual preferences, but a lower level of agreement with the PTO method, which focuses more on societal values in resource allocation.Summary measures of population health combine information on mortality and non-fatal health outcomes in order to represent the health of a particular population as a single measure [1]. They are used traditionally for comparative judgements of average levels of population health between populations and over time. Summary measures of population health were recently used with an explicit link to health resource allocation, e.g. disability-adjusted life expectancies (DALE) computed among other measures for the evaluation of the performance of health systems in the World Health Repor
Organizational Change Skills: An Empirical Cross-National Study  [PDF]
Karen Somerville, Inta Cinite, Carlos Largacha-Martínez
Open Journal of Business and Management (OJBM) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ojbm.2021.92048
Abstract: This research is premised on the proposition that mastering organizational change skills may help improve success rate of change initiatives. The overall purpose of this empirical, cross-national study was to explore whether perceptions of organizational change skills differ across nations. Using a convenience sample, structured interviews were conducted with 90 managers and executives in three regions: the USA, the Baltics and South America to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical significance of between-group differences in means was obtained with the help of one-way ANOVA, and differences in percentages were established using a chi square test. Most of the change skills were perceived similarly across the three regions, but nevertheless, there were some differences. More communication and managing the change process skills were believed to be present in organizations in the USA, while understanding internal and external environment was more characteristic of the Baltics and South America. Respondents in these two regions also considered interpersonal and social skills to be more important. Respondents’ awareness of change skills was quite low without prompting. However, when prompted, all pre-established 11 groups of skills (Somerville & Whelan-Berry, 2009) were rated as important, and the majority of respondents were confident that these skills could be found in their organization. Given the relatively few differences that were found across the three regions, this suggests that cross-border dissemination of organizational change skills is possible, but each geography requires a slight adaptation. The findings also suggest that if those leading/managing change initiatives recognize that there are at least 11 groups of change skills, and cultivate these skills within the organization, this could increase the success rate of change initiatives. Given the
Nationality, Ethnicity and the Well-Being Process in Occupational Samples  [PDF]
Omolaso Omosehin, Andrew P. Smith
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2019.75011
Abstract:
Well-being has been defined as optimal functioning and experience. In order to get a balanced picture of an individual’s well-being, approaches that integrate both its positive and negative aspects have been suggested. One framework that allows for this integrated approach to well-being is the Demands-Resources Individual Effects (DRIVE) model. The current study was a cross-cultural study of 316 adults in paid employment from three distinct cultural backgrounds: White British, Ethnic Minorities (in the United Kingdom) and Nigerian. The aims of the study were to confirm the established effects of the DRIVE model and to investigate if cultural/ethnic background accounted for any differences in well-being across the three groups. The findings show that the established effects were observed in all groups. This suggests that cultural/ethnic background does not have much effect on well-being outcomes when controlling for established psychosocial predictors such as personality, job characteristics, social support and negative coping. These results support an objective well-being process rather than subjective well-being, which may be defined by a person’s culture.
Parent-Child Relationships in Poland and Germany: A Retrospective Study  [PDF]
Jochen Hardt, Malgorzata Dragan, Sonja Schultz, Anette Engfer
Psychology (PSYCH) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2011.25078
Abstract: The Childhood Questionnaire (CQ) was designed for adults to retrospectively describe their relationships with their parents. A cross-national survey was performed to test the intelligibility and precision of the questions and to explore cultural differences. A short version of the CQ was administered to two samples via Internet, one each in Poland and Germany. It contained four dimensions concerning each parent: perceived love, control, ambition and role reversal, all of which could be assessed reliably in both Poland and Germany. It was concluded that the Childhood Questionnaire is suitable for research in both countries. Characteristic differences between the respondents of the two countries can be explained as a function of history.
Variations in attitudinal gender preferences for children across 50 less-developed countries
Kana Fuse
Demographic Research , 2010,
Abstract: While a number of studies have examined gender preferences for children by studying behavioral measures, such as skewed sex ratios, sex imbalance in infant mortality, and sibling size/order; attitudinal measures have been analyzed less systematically. Using 50 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2000 and 2008, this paper seeks to advance our understanding of gender preferences in developing countries by examining attitudinal measures cross-nationally. This study's findings show that, while balance preference is the most common type of preference in the vast majority of countries, countries/regions vary in the prevalence of son and daughter preferences. A preference for sons is not always found; and, indeed, a preference for daughters is shown to prevail in many societies.
Elderly suicide rates: a replication of cross-national comparisons and association with sex and elderly age-bands using five year suicide data
Ajit Shah
Journal of Injury and Violence Research , 2012,
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Suicide rates generally increase with age. A recent cross-national study, using one-year cross-sectional data on suicide rates identified regional and cross-national patterns for elderly suicide rates. However, findings from studies using one-year cross-sectional data on suicide rates may be open to bias because of random year on year fluctuations in elderly suicide rates. METHODS: One-year average of suicide rates for both sexes in the age-bands 65-74 and 75+ years were calculated from data on suicide rates for five consecutive years ascertained from the World Health Organization. Cross-national variations were examined by segregating different countries into four quartiles of suicide rates. RESULTS: There was wide cross-national variation in elderly suicide rates. Elderly suicide rates were the lowest in Caribbean and Arabic/Islamic countries, and the highest in central and eastern European, countries emerging from the former Soviet Union, some oriental and some west European countries. CONCLUSIONS: The regional and cross-national patterns for elderly suicide rates observed in this study were almost identical to a similar earlier study using one-year cross-sectional data on suicide rates. This suggests that the findings of both studies were accurate and robust, and potential explanations for the observed cross-national variations in elderly suicide rates requires further study.
Differences and Similarities of Mental Health Problems Reported by Adolescents: From Greece, Japan, Russia, and Sweden  [PDF]
Saori Nishikawa, Elisabet Sundbom, Anna Zashikhina, Spyridoula Lekkou, Bruno H？ggl？f
Psychology (PSYCH) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2016.713157
Abstract: The aims of the present study were to: 1) compare scores and scales of the Youth Self-Report (YSR) reported by healthy adolescents 15 - 17 years of age from Greece, Japan, Russia, and Sweden, 2) analyze gender and age effects of the YSR syndrome scores between and within countries, and 3) compare scores of competence scales and their associations to mental health problems. A comparison of problems (n = 812) yields a small effect size of 4.8% for cross-country in YSR total problems scores. There was a deviation above the overall mean for Greece and Russia, while Sweden and Japan had deviations below the mean. The effect sizes of country for narrowband and broadband scales were small or medium. Analysis within and between countries pointed out some problems that might be more/less common in some countries than others. In their total competence score, Greek adolescents scored higher than Swedish or Japanese. There were some negative associations between syndrome and competence scales across countries. Gender differences were shown across the countries with the exception of Japan. Age differences were less consistent due to the small range of age groups. Even though YSR is used in all four countries, translations and sampling procedure may influence (be one of) the variations.
Gender Differences in Hope and Its Relevance to Depression Symptoms among Norwegian Adolescents  [PDF]
Britt-Maj Wikstr？m, Bente Lorentzen, Sindre Lorentzen
Open Journal of Nursing (OJN) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2018.82014
Abstract:

Introduction: Several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Studies suggest that as many as 15 - 20 percent of adolescents in Norway exhibit depression or depression like symptoms. Furthermore, several studies indicate that the number of individuals experiencing depression symptoms is growing. There is a prevailing consensus in the literature that while depression is represented among both genders, it is consistently reported that females are more exposed to depression compared to males both in frequency and severity. Methods: All data utilized in this study were extracted from the Norwegian Ungdata survey conducted in 2014 among adolescents in Norway. The sample consists of 46,374 observations. Conclusions: The finding of significant differences in prevalence of self-diagnosed depression symptoms among Norwegian adolescents, showed females are more exposed. Furthermore, as hypothesized, there is a strong and significant relation between hope and depression, where hope is proxied through expectations regarding the individuals’ future education, happiness and wealth. Based on these findings, we apply hope as an instrument for addressing depression symptoms. Results from this analysis indicate that males are significantly less optimistic for the future.

第1页/共1000条
每页显示 条


Home
Copyright © 2008-2020 Open Access Library. All rights reserved.