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Electrocoagulation (Ec) of Styrene Butadiene Rubber from Aqueous Solution using different Electrodes
Mohamed Y. Alasqalan
- , 2020, DOI: 10.25141/2474-8811-2016-2.0037
Abstract: The removal of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using different electrodes was investigated. The main objectives of the experiments were to investigate the effects of the various operating parameters on the SBR and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency from aqueous solution. The optimal operating condition for removal of (SBR) were : initial pH of 7.1, an initial polymer concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature of 30 oC, current density (25 mA/cm2) and salt concentration of (1.5 g/L) by using iron (Fe), stainless steel (SS) and aluminum (Al) electrodes. The results showed that the removal percentage for SBR and COD were (99.2% and 91.2 %), (99.4% and 93.5%) and (98.9 % and 90.2%) by using (Fe), (SS) and (Al) electrodes at 15 min respectively. The adsorption equilibriums were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It was found that the data fitted to Freundlich (R？2 = 0.954) better than Langmuir (R？2 = 0.777) model. The removal of SBR exhibited a pseudo first order reaction with rate constant (0.191, 0.245 and 0.142 min-1) for Fe, SS and Al electrodes respectivel
Influence of crosslinking parameters on the quality of rubber product
Baki？, Ante,Pilipovi？, Ana,Rujni？-Sokele, Maja
- , 2010,
Abstract: Sa？etak The basis in the production of elastomeric materials is rubber which becomes cured during crosslinking process. Curing is a chemical-physical modification in which mostly plastic rubber transfers to rubber-elastic state. The curing process requires a curing agent, most frequently sulphur, and the process is performed at higher temperatures for several hours. The type of the used rubber defines the basic properties of product, for example: stability, ageing and flexibility at lower temperatures, as well as strength and elasticity. The paper presents the study of influence of crosslinking temperature and crosslinking time on some mechanical properties of natural rubber and styrene/butadiene rubber
Volatile Substances in Polymer Toys Made from Butadiene and Styrene  [PDF]
Yutaka Abe, Miku Yamaguchi, Motoh Mutsuga, Hiroshi Akiyama, Yoko Kawamura
American Journal of Analytical Chemistry (AJAC) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.45029
Abstract:

The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.

Study on the effect of silica–graphite filler on the rheometric, mechanical, and abrasion loss properties of styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates
A Ashwini,AM Shanmugharaj,E Senthil Kumar,G Sivagaami Sundari,K Thileep Kumar,M Ramya,P Varsha,R Kalaivani,S Raghu,SH Ryu
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/0095244318787560
Abstract: Silica–graphite filler was prepared via two-step grafting procedure by grafting silica particles onto the expanded graphite. In the first step, isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane was chemically introduced onto the silica aggregates, which was followed by grafting onto the expanded graphite via urethane linkage in the second step. Successful grafting of silica aggregates onto the graphite was corroborated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of a thin graphene layer on silica aggregates corroborated using transmission electron microscopy confirmed the grafting of silica aggregates onto the graphite surface. Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites with various silica–graphite loadings were prepared by melt processing technique to generate pristine silica and silica–graphite-filled elastomeric composites. Rheometric cure studies revealed that the torque difference (ΔS) increased with pristine silica loading, when compared to the unfilled SBR system, and this effect is more pronounced on loading silica–graphite filler. Improvements in mechanical properties such as modulus and tensile strength were observed with increasing loading of silica particles and this effect is more pronounced on loading silica–graphite fillers, indicating that this is due to the rise in the elastomer–filler interactions in the silica–graphite-loaded SBR systems. This fact was further corroborated using bound rubber content and equilibrium swelling ratios of the unvulcanized and vulcanized SBR composites
Effects of Mixing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt
Baha Vural K？K,Mehmet YILMAZ,Taner ALATA？
- , 2019,
Abstract: In this study, the effects of mixing temperature on the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) were investigated. 5% Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and 18% America Gilsonite were used as binder modifiers. HMA samples were prepared at the mixing temperatures 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C lower temperatures than the mixing temperature. Marshall Stability and flow, resistance to moisture-induced damage and indirect tensile fatigue tests were conducted on the hot mix asphalt samples. As a result of the experimental study, it was determined that the use of additives increased the performance of the HMAs. In addition, it was determined that, in general, the stability, Marshall quotient, indirect tensile strength and fatigue life of the mixtures decreased and the flow values increased with decreased mixing temperature
Correlation between Iron Reducibility in Natural and Iron-Modified Clays and Its Adsorptive Capability for Arsenic Removal  [PDF]
Irma Lia Botto, Simonetta Tuti, María Jose Gonzalez, Delia Gazzoli
Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry (AMPC) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2016.65014
Abstract: The study reports aspects that allowed to correlate structural and redox properties of iron species deposited on clay minerals with the capacity of geomaterials for arsenic removal. Natural ferruginous clays as well as an iron-poor clay chemically modified with Fe(III) salt (ferrihydrite species) were investigated as adsorbents of the arsenate(V) in water. The study, carried out from minerals from abundant Argentinean deposits, was conducted with the aid of different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman Spectroscopy, ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma) chemical analysis and Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). This last technique allowed to detect availability of iron species in oxidic environment with different structural complexity and to determine active sites, accessible for arsenate(V) adsorption. The effect was observed through temperature dependence of the first Fe(III) reduction step (below 570°C) of iron-oxide species. The sequence of reducibility: ferrihydrite > hydrous oxide (goethite) > anhydrous oxide (hematite) > structural iron in clay was in agreement with the availability of iron active sites for the reducing process as well as for the arsenate adsorption. The important role of very high iron content in original samples was also observed. The chemical activation of iron-poor clay by a simple and feasible modification with Fe(III) solutions promoted the deposition of the ferrihydrite active phase with an increase of 2.81% (expressed as Fe2O3) respect to the original content of 1.07%, constituting an accessible and eco-friendly technological alternative to solve the environmental problem of water containing arsenic.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP CONTAINING STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER
RAMESAN,M. T; ANIL KUMAR,T;
Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society , 2009, DOI: 10.4067/S0717-97072009000100006
Abstract: chemically modified styrene butadiene rubber (sbr) with nitro and chloro functionalities are prepared by the nitromercuration reaction of sbr through a phase transfer catalyst. activation energy for this chemical reaction calculated from the time temperature data on the chemical reaction by the measurement of percentage of chlorine indicated that the reaction proceeded according to fist order kinetics. the chemical modification is characterized by ftir, uv, nmr studies reveal the attachment functional group such as nitro and chloro group to the double bond of butadiene moiety. the glass transition temperature of the functionalized sbr is analyzed using differential scarming calorimetry. thermogravimetric analysis (tga) of the modified sbr is investigated in orderto study the basic decomposition pattern and thermal stability of the materials. chemical modification of sbr is accompanied by a reduction of double bond which imparts excellent tensile strength. the fíame resistances of the modified samples are analyzed by the limiting oxygenindex value (loi) and the result of the studies show that as the level modification increases the tendency of ealstomeric material to burn decreases.
Determina？？o do teor de NR/SBR em misturas: associa？？o de dados DTG e FT-IR
Dutra, Rita C. L.;Diniz, Milton F.;Ribeiro, Ana P.;Louren？o, Vera L.;Cassu, Silvana N.;Azevedo, Margarete F. P.;
Polímeros , 2004, DOI: 10.1590/S0104-14282004000500011
Abstract: blends with known contents of natural rubber (nr) and butadiene-styrene copolymer (sbr) were prepared at cta and ifoca laboratories as sample references for producing an analytical curve to determine the contents of nr and sbr via pyrolysis/ft-ir analysis. thermogravimetry was used to quantify the real content of nr and sbr in the blends through the ratio between the intensity of the peaks in the derivative curve (dtg). the ft-ir analytical bands chosen at mir region were 885 cm-1 (a1) for nr and 699 cm-1 (a2) for sbr. values of relative absorbance (a1/a2) versus the nr/sbr contents data obtained from dtg analysis were used to construct an analytical curve with a good linear correlation (r=0.998) which allows one to determine contents of nr and sbr in blends of similar composition.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP CONTAINING STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER
M. T RAMESAN,T ANIL KUMAR
Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society , 2009,
Abstract: Chemically modified styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with nitro and chloro functionalities are prepared by the nitromercuration reaction of SBR through a phase transfer catalyst. Activation energy for this chemical reaction calculated from the time temperature data on the chemical reaction by the measurement of percentage of chlorine indicated that the reaction proceeded according to fist order kinetics. The chemical modification is characterized by FTIR, UV, NMR studies reveal the attachment functional group such as nitro and chloro group to the double bond of butadiene moiety. The glass transition temperature of the functionalized SBR is analyzed using differential scarming calorimetry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the modified SBR is investigated in orderto study the basic decomposition pattern and thermal stability of the materials. Chemical modification of SBR is accompanied by a reduction of double bond which imparts excellent tensile strength. The fíame resistances of the modified samples are analyzed by the limiting oxygenindex value (LOI) and the result of the studies show that as the level modification increases the tendency of ealstomeric material to burn decreases.
Styrene butadiene rubber as a viscosity improver: Experimental investigations and quantum chemical studies
K Prabhakaran Nair,P Parameswaran,PK Rajendrakumar,S Sabarinath
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/1350650117718092
Abstract: The limited viscosity range of vegetable oils restricts their effectiveness as a lubricant in numerous applications. In this work, the viscosity improvement with styrene butadiene rubber as an additive in sesame oil is studied and the results are compared with those of the commonly used viscosity improver, ethyl vinyl acetate, using a rheometer. Sesame oil/styrene butadiene rubber blends show higher increment in viscosity than sesame oil/ethyl vinyl acetate blends. The viscosity variations are further validated using Arrhenius model. A computational quantum chemical software, Gaussian 09, is used to evaluate the binding energies between molecules. Ground state electronic structures of molecules are modeled with density functional theory. Thermal properties such as flash, fire, and pour points have also been evaluated for sesame oil/styrene butadiene rubber blends. Chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand are the parameters chosen to evaluate the biodegradability of sesame oil/styrene butadiene rubber blend
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