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Os subsídios à agricultura no comércio internacional: as políticas da Uni？o Europeia e dos Estados Unidos da América
Bruno, Flávio Marcelo Rodrigues;Azevedo, André Filipe Zago de;Massuquetti, Angélica;
Ciência Rural , 2012, DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84782012000400030
Abstract: this study examines the practice of agricultural subsidies in international trade, aiming at scaling its practice as a strategic economic tool primarily for the agricultural sector, especially to the united states and the european union. a complete ban on subsidies is not desirable because its practice, in essence, is a path to improve the welfare of the nation. however, the way the agricultural subsidies have been employed, constitute protectionist interventions that distort international trade. the united states and the european union are the major users of this instrument in international trade, a factor that has raised concerns about their own efficiency as a strategic trade policy for international trade.
Development of Perverse Environmental Subsides for Sheep Production in Iceland  [PDF]
Olafur Arnalds
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/as.2019.109086
Abstract: Sheep production in Iceland is heavily subsidized with a part of the payments tied to land condition and compliance with sustainable land use according to a Quality Management System (QMS). A large proportion of the rangelands used for sheep grazing are public lands. The paper is based on Land Improvement Plans (LIP’s) and Soil Conservation of Iceland (SCSI) correspondence obtained by appeal under the Information Act. The results show that “green payments” are made for use of land that fails to meet the criteria given for such payments, based on the extent of barren areas, active soil erosion, and vegetation condition. Strong formal objections by the SCSI about the content and implementation of QMS have been ignored. It is further shown that the land use section of the QMS (L-QMS) is non-transparent and not well scientifically grounded. The use of the term “sustainable land use” is confounded when used to justify the use of collapsed ecosystems. The LIP’s show high to extreme grazing intensities on land in poor condition, thus further defying ideas for green subsidy schemes. The investigation reveals serious conflicts between environmental and agricultural sectors, at agency and ministerial levels, which is enhanced by incoherent legislation structures. It is vital to reconstruct the green subsidies for sheep farming in Iceland, based on science and best available information with a much broader stakeholder participation than at present, involving multi-sectoral agencies and scientists, NGO’s, communities, the general public, and land users.
Alternativas para disciplinar o efeito de distor？？o do pre？o e do comércio mundial causado pelos subsídios agrícolas
Costa, Cinthia Cabral da;Nassar, André Meloni;Jank, Marcos Sawaya;
Economia Aplicada , 2009, DOI: 10.1590/S1413-80502009000300004
Abstract: the limits to agricultural subsidies established in the uruguay round agreement on agriculture could cause trade-distorting domestic support. this study suggests limits in the subsidy value to level the maximum price distortion for each product. a partial equilibrium model was estimated for the products. the maximum value of subsidy to main agricultural products in the country-regionplaceusa., causing a two percentage limit in their world price, were: us$ 1.0 billion to soybean; us$ 0.6 billion to cotton; us$ 0.2 billion to rice; us$ 1.4 to corn and us$ 1.3 billion to wheat. therefore, those patterns of product value could be used as a parameter to product subsidy cap.
Los subsidios agrícolas de México
González-Estrada, Adrián;Orrantia-Bustos, Manuel Alejandro;
Agricultura técnica en México , 2006,
Abstract: the mexican agriculture confronts serious problems and challenges, many voices demand for more subsidies and supports from the government. the prevailing idea is that our agriculture is not supported in the same way as it is in developed countries and it is argued that countries we trade with, subsidize much more their agriculture and that for that reason, we are an able to compete internationally. the objectives of this research were: to analyze the temporal behaviour of the total amount of the subsidies to the mexican agriculture during 1986-2003; to compare the agricultural subsidies in mexico to those of our main commercial partners, and to evaluate propositions supporting the idea of abandonment of the mexican rural sector by the state, the lack of protection to our agriculture and the insufficiency of agricultural subsidies. in opposition to the belief of the majority of mexican economists, and after the calculation of the percentage of the production value that corresponds to subsidies (eps%) it was concluded that our country's relative level of subsidies to its agriculture is similar to those in the united states of america and canada, its main commercial partners, and less than those in the european union and japan. rather than to increase agricultural subsidies, mexico should invest considerably more in all the support services required to promote the intensification and productivity of the agricultural sector.
Impactos dos subsídios agrícolas dos Estados Unidos na expans？o do agronegócio brasileiro
Figueiredo, Adelson Martins;Santos, Maurinho Luiz dos;Oliveira, Maria Aparecida Silva;Campos, Ant？nio Carvalho;
Estudos Econ？micos (S？o Paulo) , 2010, DOI: 10.1590/S0101-41612010000200007
Abstract: in the forums of multilateral negotiations of the world trade organization (wto) there has been a strong debate which tries to eliminate the agricultural subventions in the developed countries. however, the united states has increased the amount of these subsidies causing distortions in the world agricultural trade. therefore, the purpose of this research has been to evaluate these american subsidies impacts (loan deficiency payments) given between 2002 and 2007 upon the brazilian agribusiness growth. the findings allow to deduce that the reduction of the subsidies in the united states might promote the growth of the brazilian agribusiness production and might produce trade surplus in the trade balance in this sector as well as the growth of both exports and imports. hence the cuts in these subsidies would contribute to a bigger competitiveness of the brazilian exports and would generate opportunities to the agribusiness growth.
Subsidies in Croatian agriculture and adjustment to the EU
Ramona Frani？
Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Rijeci : ？asopis za Ekonomsku Teoriju i Praksu , 2005,
Abstract: After the Croatian independence and re-adoption of the free trade principles, in political debates agriculture got the role of one of the basic pillar in economic development. There is intention to protect domestic agriculture against much more developed western European agriculture and to support its competitiveness, respecting at the same time the requirements of the international trade agreements asking for decreasing domestic protection. The reform of agricultural price policy started in 1988, due to the trade policy reform within the requirements imposed by the membership in the World Trade Organization. Recent changes from 2003 tend to simplify the system of agricultural support and to equalize the level of incentives. Together with existing production subsidies, new models of income support, capital investments and rural development are introduced. The reform predicts harmonization of domestic agricultural policy measures with those conducted or should be conducted in the EU. It means the shift from the old way of supporting European agricultural markets, toward incentives for European farmer, in the way that in total support prevails income, and not production support.
Subsidies in Croatian agriculture and adjustment to the EU
Frani？, Ramona
- , 2005,
Abstract: Sa？etak After the Croatian independence and re-adoption of the free trade principles, in political debates agriculture got the role of one of the basic pillar in economic development. There is intention to protect domestic agriculture against much more developed western European agriculture and to support its competitiveness, respecting at the same time the requirements of the international trade agreements asking for decreasing domestic protection. The reform of agricultural price policy started in 1988, due to the trade policy reform within the requirements imposed by the membership in the World Trade Organization. Recent changes from 2003 tend to simplify the system of agricultural support and to equalize the level of incentives. Together with existing production subsidies, new models of income support, capital investments and rural development are introduced. The reform predicts harmonization of domestic agricultural policy measures with those conducted or should be conducted in the EU. It means the shift from the old way of supporting European agricultural markets, toward incentives for European farmer, in the way that in total support prevails income, and not production support
MEASURES OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SITUATION IN NISAVA DISTRICT
Branko Mihailovi？,Jonel Subi？,Zoran Simonovi？
- , 2016,
Abstract: The authors give a brief overview of the situation in the implementation of agricultural policy in Serbia. They introduce us to support measures which are an important factor for maintaining agricultural production. Serbia is obliged to harmonize its agricultural policy with the common agricultural policy of the European Union CAP. This process of harmonization needs to be done now that the Republic of Serbia has become a candidate country for EU membership. In the current economic conditions, the survival of farms is threatened. A key problem is the ownership structure of farms in Serbia, which are located in small areas of land. This also represents agreat fragmentation of land. It is necessary to carry out procedures of land consolidation and land redistribution in order to achieve agglomeration, which would result in an increase in the quantity and quality of agricultural production. At the end, the authors provide a study on the state of implementation of agrarian policy in the Nisava district. The aim of the research is to analyze the results of the use of agricultural policy measures
The Economics of Subsidies
Atsu Amegashie
Crossroads , 2006,
Abstract:
Avalia？？o de políticas públicas de seguran？a alimentar em países com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento
Oliveira,Leidy Diana de Souza de Watanabe; de Morais Lima-Filho,Eluiza Alberto; de Oliveira Sproesser,Dario; Renato,Luiz;
Agroalimentaria , 2010,
Abstract: the aim of this article is to analyze public policy for food security adopted in countries with different development levels. for this purpose, a review in available previous studies was made. we used the country income in order to establish the levels of development, according to the world bank methodology. the high-income countries selected were united states of america, australia, new zealand and canada; with upper middle-income, brazil, south africa and malaysia; with lower-middle income, china, india and ecuador; and, on low income cases, ethiopia, nigeria and vietnam. the results show that income inequality between countries and within each nation are determinants of food (in)security. the main causes of food insecurity in high-income countries and upper middle are disparities related to ethnicity/race, gender, income and education. in countries with low and lower middle income, inefficiency in institutions, low technology employed in agriculture and, in turn, low productivity are the main determining factors for food insecurity. compensatory policies, although no long-term effectiveness are important integrating factor of the population placed on the banks of consumption by historical factors. as for the problems brought by excessive food consumption, obesity begins as a problem among groups of socioeconomic status higher in low-income countries, but as the country？s income grows, the risk of obesity reach poorest population increases. interventions should be undertaken in order to make healthy food more accessible to low-income population. to do this, it is necessary the combination of agricultural policy, pricing policies, regulatory actions and education on consumption.
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