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Mulinum spinosum y la carne de cordero: detección de su presencia en ovinos vivos
Seoane,N.F.; Ochoa,J.; Borrelli,L.; Severino,M.E.; Taddeo,H.; Giraudo,C.; Andrade Gamboa,J.;
Archivos de Zootecnia , 2011, DOI: 10.4321/S0004-05922011000200013
Abstract: in patagonia, sheep farming constitutes one of the major economic activities, but the quality of lamb meat is seriously affected by a disagreeable taste found in its tissues, derived from the ovine intake of neneo (mulinum spinosum (cav.) persoon, apiaceae), predominant in grazing lands easily accessed by sheep during the warm seasons. with the aim of detecting the affected animals before their slaughter, phytochemical testing techniques were applied on different organs of the plant and animal accordingly, in order to identify matches. we studied two groups (one had neneo in their diet while the other did not) of six animals each, of which were extracted samples of meat, fat, liver, urine and blood. the compounds responsible for the effect of neneo belong to the terpene/sterol group, the only present in the flowers of neneo as in the urine of lambs. various animal tissues were inadequate to detect the presence of neneo in lambs, only urine has been identified as the most suitable to examine the metabolites. a protocol, to experiment with it, was proposed, with the aim of generate a useful tool for the development of low-cost technologies. this protocol is available to researchers and producers to put to the test, with the aim of detecting a disagreeable taste in the animals before their slaughter and avoiding the consequent economic loss.
The effect of ungulate grazing on a small mammal community in southeastern Botswana
Eli R. Saetnan,Christina Skarpe
African Zoology , 2011,
Abstract: Ungulates can reduce the quantity of food available for other herbivores in general or reduce the available cover for small mammals in particular. On the other hand, browsing and grazing may facilitate foraging by other mammals if the quality and palatability of young re-sprouting tissue is high. An exclosure experiment was set up in Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana, to study ecological effects of large herbivores on the small mammal community. Specifically, we attempted to answer the following questions: 1) are population sizes and community composition of small rodents affected by the exclusion of large herbivores?; 2) if so, what changes in the environment caused by the exclusion of large herbivores are related to changes in small mammal populations?; 3) in what way do such changes in the environment affect small mammals? The populations were significantly larger in the exclosures than in the control areas. A higher number of species was also found in the exclosures. It seems that the smaller populations of small mammals in areas with large herbivores are a result of a reduction in vegetation cover. In general, the exclosures had a higher grass cover than their paired controls. This same relation also held for percentage cover of litter and dead grass.
Telling ecological networks apart by their structure: A computational challenge
Matthew J. Michalska-Smith,Stefano Allesina
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007076
Abstract: Ecologists have been compiling ecological networks for over a century, detailing the interactions between species in a variety of ecosystems. To this end, they have built networks for mutualistic (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal) as well as antagonistic (e.g., herbivory, parasitism) interactions. The type of interaction being represented is believed to be reflected in the structure of the network, which would differ substantially between mutualistic and antagonistic networks. Here, we put this notion to the test by attempting to determine the type of interaction represented in a network based solely on its structure. We find that, although it is easy to separate different kinds of nonecological networks, ecological networks display much structural variation, making it difficult to distinguish between mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. We therefore frame the problem as a challenge for the community of scientists interested in computational biology and machine learning. We discuss the features a good solution to this problem should possess and the obstacles that need to be overcome to achieve this goal
Aboveground insect herbivory increases plant competitive asymmetry, while belowground herbivory mitigates the effect
Joachim Strengbom,Maria Viketoft,Pernilla Borgstr？m,Riccardo Bommarco
- , 2016, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1867
Abstract: Insect herbivores can shift the composition of a plant community, but the mechanism underlying such shifts remains largely unexplored. A possibility is that insects alter the competitive symmetry between plant species. The effect of herbivory on competition likely depends on whether the plants are subjected to aboveground or belowground herbivory or both, and also depends on soil nitrogen levels. It is unclear how these biotic and abiotic factors interactively affect competition. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured competition between two coexisting grass species that respond differently to nitrogen deposition: Dactylis glomerata L., which is competitively favoured by nitrogen addition, and Festuca rubra L., which is competitively favoured on nitrogen-poor soils. We predicted: (1) that aboveground herbivory would reduce competitive asymmetry at high soil nitrogen by reducing the competitive advantage of D. glomerata; and (2), that belowground herbivory would relax competition at low soil nitrogen, by reducing the competitive advantage of F. rubra. Aboveground herbivory caused a 46% decrease in the competitive ability of F. rubra, and a 23% increase in that of D. glomerata, thus increasing competitive asymmetry, independently of soil nitrogen level. Belowground herbivory did not affect competitive symmetry, but the combined influence of above- and belowground herbivory was weaker than predicted from their individual effects. Belowground herbivory thus mitigated the increased competitive asymmetry caused by aboveground herbivory. D. glomerata remained competitively dominant after the cessation of aboveground herbivory, showing that the influence of herbivory continued beyond the feeding period. We showed that insect herbivory can strongly influence plant competitive interactions. In our experimental plant community, aboveground insect herbivory increased the risk of competitive exclusion of F. rubra. Belowground herbivory appeared to mitigate the influence of aboveground herbivory, and this mechanism may play a role for plant species coexistence
The Influence of Phlorotannins and Bromophenols on the Feeding Behavior of Marine Herbivorous Gastropod Turbo cornutus  [PDF]
Toshiyuki Shibata, Taiko Miyasaki, Hideo Miyake, Reiji Tanaka, Shigeo Kawaguchi
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.53051
Abstract:

The influence of phlorotannins and bromophenols on the feeding behavior of marine herbivores was determined using bioassay of Turbo cornutus. It was found that phloroglucinol and its oligomers isolated from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis (eckol, fucofuroeckol A, phlorofucofuroeckol A, dieckol, and 8,8’-bieckol) had a deterrent effect against feeding behavior of T. cornutus in the concentration of algal body, respectively. In the case of the examination of 0.1 mM concentration, although fucofuroeckol A and phlorofucofuroeckol A significantly reduced feeding by T. cornutus, phloroglucinol and 8,8’-bieckol did not show any significant influence on feeding behavior, and eckol and dieckol had stimulating activity. 2,4-Dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol, which are major components of extracellular secretions from Eisenia and Ecklonia species,

Plant Glandular Trichomes as Targets for Breeding or Engineering of Resistance to Herbivores
Joris J. Glas,Bernardus C. J. Schimmel,Juan M. Alba,Rocío Escobar-Bravo,Robert C. Schuurink,Merijn R. Kant
International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 2012, DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217077
Abstract: Glandular trichomes are specialized hairs found on the surface of about 30% of all vascular plants and are responsible for a significant portion of a plant’s secondary chemistry. Glandular trichomes are an important source of essential oils, i.e., natural fragrances or products that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry, although many of these substances have evolved to provide the plant with protection against herbivores and pathogens. The storage compartment of glandular trichomes usually is located on the tip of the hair and is part of the glandular cell, or cells, which are metabolically active. Trichomes and their exudates can be harvested relatively easily, and this has permitted a detailed study of their metabolites, as well as the genes and proteins responsible for them. This knowledge now assists classical breeding programs, as well as targeted genetic engineering, aimed to optimize trichome density and physiology to facilitate customization of essential oil production or to tune biocide activity to enhance crop protection. We will provide an overview of the metabolic diversity found within plant glandular trichomes, with the emphasis on those of the Solanaceae, and of the tools available to manipulate their activities for enhancing the plant’s resistance to pests.
The Orthotospovirus nonstructural protein NSs suppresses plant MYC-regulated jasmonate signaling leading to enhanced vector attraction and performance
Jian Ye,Pingzhi Zhao,Rongxiang Fang,Shuang Xu,Xiangmei Yao,Xiujuan Wu,Xuan Zhang,Yanwei Sun
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007897
Abstract: Pandemics of vector-borne human and plant diseases often depend on the behaviors of their arthropod vectors. Arboviruses, including many bunyaviruses, manipulate vector behavior to accelerate their own transmission to vertebrates, birds, insects, and plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this manipulation remains elusive. Here, we report that the non-structural protein NSs of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, a prototype of the Tospoviridae family and the Orthotospovirus genus, is a key viral factor that indirectly modifies vector preference and increases vector performance. NSs suppresses the biosynthesis of plant volatile monoterpenes, which serve as repellents of the vector western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis). NSs directly interacts with MYC2, the jasmonate (JA) signaling master regulator and its two close homologs MYC3 and MYC4, to disable JA-mediated activation of terpene synthase genes. The dysfunction of the MYCs subsequently attenuates host defenses, increases the attraction of thrips, and improves thrips fitness. Moreover, MYC2 associated with NSs of Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus, another Euro/Asian-type orthotospovirus, suggesting that MYC2 is an evolutionarily conserved target of Orthotospovirus species for suppression of terpene-based resistance to promote vector performance. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanism through which an orthotospovirus indirectly manipulates vector behaviors and therefore facilitates pathogen transmission. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which Orthotospovirus NSs counteracts plant immunity for pathogen transmission
Cucumber mosaic virus and its 2b protein alter emission of host volatile organic compounds but not aphid vector settling in tobacco
Adrienne E. Pate,Alex M. Murphy,Javaid Iqbal,John P. Carr,Nik J. Cunniffe,Simon C. Groen,Toby J. A. Bruce,Trisna Tungadi
- , 2017, DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0754-0
Abstract:
Attraction of Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) to volatiles of its natural host Vernonia condensata (Asteraceae)
Bento, José Maurício Sim？es;Arab, Alberto;Zacarin, Giuliano Grici;Signoretti, André Gustavo Corrêa;Silva, José Wilson Pereira da;
Scientia Agricola , 2008, DOI: 10.1590/S0103-90162008000600010
Abstract: plant volatiles are important cues for the orientation of herbivorous insects. it is possible that these compounds indicate whether the plant is suitable for feeding and larval development, or for mating aggregation. vernonia condensata (asteraceae) is known to attract species of leafhoppers, most of them important vectors of the citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc). in this study, we evaluated the role of volatiles of v. condensata on the orientation of bucephalogonia xanthophis (hemiptera: cicadellidae). four-arm olfactometer bioassays showed that only males were attracted to the volatiles of the host-plants citrus sp. and v. condensata. furthermore, fresh leaves of v. condensata induced a stronger response than volatiles from hexane-extracted leaves. this study opens the possibility to utilize v. condensata volatiles for pest management programs of b. xanthopis.
Combined Effects of Temperature and Nutrient Enrichment on Palatability of the Brown Alga Sargassum yezoense (Yamada) Yoshida & T. Konno  [PDF]
Hikaru Endo, Kentaro Suehiro, Junji Kinoshita, Yukio Agatsuma
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.62031
Abstract: Global warming is predicted to strengthen marine plant-herbivore interactions. However, little is known about the effect of temperature on palatability and the associated chemical composition of marine macroalgae. To study the effects of physiological stress caused by the warm water temperatures and nutrient-poor conditions that occur during summer, we cultured the brown alga Sargassum yezoense at three different temperatures (16°C, 22°C, and 28°C) in both nutrient-enriched and non-enriched media. We then compared phlorotannin (i.e., defensive compounds) and nitrogen concentrations of S. yezoense as well as consumption rate by the sea urchin Hemicetrotus pulcherrimus among the treatment groups. No effect of culture temperature on phlorotannin and ni-trogen concentrations or consumption rate was detected. Nutrient enrichment resulted in decreased phlorotannin concentration and increased nitrogen concentration. Although nutrient enrichment did not affect consumption rate, a positive correlation between nitrogen concentration and consumption rate was detected. In contrast, there was no correlation between phlorotannin concentration and consumption rate. These results suggested that palatability of S. yezoense to H. pulcherrimus might not be affected by elevated temperature but that it could increase with nutrient enrichment.
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