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Planck Scale Fluid Mechanics: Measuring the Planck Length from Fluid Mechanics Independent of G  [PDF]
Espen Gaarder Haug
Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics (OJFD) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2023.135019
Abstract: We demonstrate how to extract the Planck length from hydrostatic pressure without relying on any knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant, G. By measuring the pressure from a water column, we can determine the Planck length without requiring knowledge of either G or the Planck constant. This experiment is simple to perform and cost-effective, making it not only of interest to researchers studying gravity but also suitable for low-budget educational settings. Despite its simplicity, this has never been demonstrated to be possible before, and it is achievable due to new theoretical insights into gravity and its connection to quantum gravity and the Planck scale. This provides new insights into fluid mechanics and the Planck scale. We are also exploring initial concepts related to what we are calling “Planck fluid”, which could potentially play a central role in quantum gravity and quantum fluid mechanics.
New Planck’s Law  [PDF]
Dan Liu,   Bill
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (JAMP) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.113048
Abstract: In quantum mechanics, there are two very famous formulas. One is the energy formula of the bose particle, called Planck’s law. The other is the wavelength formula, which is called the de Broy wavelength. According to Einstein’s mass-energy equation, we have studied Planck’s law and De Bloy’s wavelength, and generalized it to the De Bloy’s wavelength formula from low speed to light speed. Then, on this basis, the smallest particle is defined as mass quantum. The new wavelength formula is obtained from the mass quantum and converted into the frequency formula. The generalized Planck’s law is obtained.
A Novel Approach to Probability  [PDF]
Oded Kafri
Advances in Pure Mathematics (APM) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/apm.2016.64017
Abstract: When P indistinguishable balls are randomly distributed among L distinguishable boxes, and considering the dense system \"\", our natural intuition tells us that the box with the average number of balls P/L has the highest probability and that none of boxes are empty; however in reality, the probability of the empty box is always the highest. This fact is with contradistinction to sparse system \"\"(i.e. energy distribution in gas) in which the average value has the highest probability. Here we show that when we postulate the requirement that all possible configurations of balls in the boxes have equal probabilities, a realistic “long tail” distribution is obtained. This formalism when applied for sparse systems converges to distributions in which the average is preferred. We calculate some of the distributions resulted from this postulate and obtain most of the known distributions in nature, namely: Zipf’s law, Benford’s law, particles energy distributions, and more. Further generalization of this novel approach yields not only much better predictions for elections, polls, market share distribution among competing companies and so forth, but also a compelling probabilistic explanation for Planck’s famous empirical finding that the energy of a photon is hv.
Zipf’s Law, Benford’s Law, and Pareto Rule  [PDF]
Oded Kafri
Advances in Pure Mathematics (APM) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/apm.2023.133010
Abstract: From a basic probabilistic argumentation, the Zipfian distribution and Benford’s law are derived. It is argued that Zipf’s law fits to calculate the rank probabilities of identical indistinguishable objects and that Benford’s distribution fits to calculate the rank probabilities of distinguishable objects. i.e. in the distribution of words in long texts all the words in a given rank are identical, therefore, the rank distribution is Zipfian. In logarithmic tables, the objects with identical 1st digits are distinguishable as there are many different digits in the 2nd, 3rd… places, etc., and therefore the distribution is according to Benford’s law. Pareto 20 - 80 rule is shown to be an outcome of Benford’s distribution as when the number of ranks is about 10 the probability of 20% of the high probability ranks is equal to the probability of the rest of 80% low probability ranks. It is argued that all these distributions, including the central limit theorem, are outcomes of Planck’s law and are the result of the quantization of energy. This argumentation may be considered a physical origin of probability.
Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?  [PDF]
Christopher Pilot
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (JHEPGC) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2021.72037
Abstract: Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, \"\", where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., \"\", number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, \"\", due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.
Quantum Physics Can Be Understood in Terms of Classical Thermodynamics  [PDF]
Tomofumi Miyashita
Journal of Modern Physics (JMP) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2011.21005
Abstract: Quantum physics can be understood in terms of classical thermodynamics, which is already considered to be a complete field. However, inconsistencies in classical thermodynamics have been discovered in the area of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The use of samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes in SOFCs lowers the open-circuit voltage (OCV) below the Nernst voltage (Vth). The low OCV is calculated with Wagner’s equation, included in the Nernst-Planck equation, which is based on the first and second thermodynamic laws. Experimental and theoretical limitations of Wagner’s equation have been discovered. Considering the separation of the Boltzmann distribution and Maxwell’s Demon, only carrier species having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy can contribute to current conduction, as determined by incorporating different constants in the definitions of the chemical and electrical potentials. This means that an additional thermodynamic law is needed. Furthermore, quantum physics can be explained by the additional thermodynamic law.
Coulomb Force, Charge, and Electric Properties under Collision Space-Time  [PDF]
Espen Gaarder Haug
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (JAMP) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.113046
Abstract: We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.
The Quantization of Space  [PDF]
Uta Volkenborn, Heinz Volkenborn
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (JHEPGC) , 2023, DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2023.93055
Abstract: In the present work, it will be shown that the dimensionless number 137 of the fine-structure constant α demands a quantization of space. For this purpose, we refer to a volume constant of electromagnetic processes, which takes effect as a volume quantum. This involves not only a re-evaluation of the Dirac equation but also, and above all, a determination of Einstein’s velocity vector as the fundamental property of these processes. A prerequisite is the linking of the hydrogen spectrum with the hydrogen nucleus.
Two forms of Wien’s displacement law
Lianxi Ma,Junjun Yang,Jiacai Nie
Latin-American Journal of Physics Education , 2009,
Abstract: The possible confusion of two form of Wien’s law is clarified from the view points of physical significance andmathematics. In physics, because the spectral energy density distribution with frequency can’t be simply converted tothe distribution with wavelength by using c=λf the wavelength corresponding to the maximum spectral energy densitycan’t be obtained by using m c/ fm λ = where fm is the frequency corresponding to the maximum spectral energy density.In mathematics, because in the variables transformation from df to dλby using c=λf there is an extra term –c/λ2 thespectral energy density function is changed, so is its maximum position. We use a simple parabolic distributionfunction as an example to explain this problem more clearly.
Occupational Exposure to Infrared Radiation in Aluminum and Cast-Iron Foundries in Zanjan, Iran
Faramarz Majidi,Kamaledin Abedi,Seyed Reza Azimi Pirsaraei
International Journal of Occupational Hygiene , 2011,
Abstract: The harmful effects of the long-term ocular exposure to cumulative levels of infrared radiation (IR) in glassblowing and foundries have been recognized since the late 19th century. These effects include cataracts, keratitis, and chronic dry eye problems. Therefore, infrared radiation measurements are critical and need to be assessed regularly in the industries and workplaces where there are high temperature furnaces, such as in the glass industries and foundries. However, IR measurement is not very simple, especially when the range of interest is one in which radiometers are not available, as for the IR-B and IR-C ranges, and commonly available radiometers have a limited sensitivity range. The present article deduce a calculation method for evaluating of IR irradiance based on Planck's radiation law for black body radiation and using an IR detector sensitive in the spectral range 750-1150 nm. Based on this method, workers exposure was assessed to all harmful wavelength ranges of IR radiation in three foundries (two aluminums and one cast-iron). The results suggested that IR-A and IR-B radiation (wavelength from 770 nm to 3000 nm) in the mentioned foundries were more than TLVs (threshold limit values) given by ACGIH. There were significant risks of health hazards due to IR radiation exposure. Personal protective equipment should be used in order to prevent serious damage to eyes and skin, and selection of appropriate equipment should be on an individual basis due to different radiation exposure.
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