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Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Systems for High Speed Growth Developments in Optical Communication Networks
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business , 2012,
Abstract: Optical Submarine Cable systems play a principal role in international telecommunications, thanks to their superiority over satellite systems in terms of stability, latency and upgradability. The business of constructing and then maintaining and selling capacity over submarine fiber optic cables is fascinating, and is absolutely fundamental to modern day communications. The sector has its own unique challenges due to the extraordinarily rapid pace of development in transmission technologies as well as the timescales and levels of investment required to build new systems. In the present paper, ultimate optical transmission of ultra multi channels huge submarine cables under different depth conditions has been investigated over wide range of the affecting parameters. The double impact of both temperature and pressure is also analyzed. We have employed multiplexing technique namely UW-WDM to be merged number of 10000 transmitted channels on the same submarine optical transmission links respectively. Based on experimental data, both the deep ocean water temperature and pressure are tailored as functions of the water depth. The product of the transmitted bit rate and the repeater spacing is processed over wide ranges of the affecting parameters. As well as we have taken into account the estimation of the total cost planning and transmission data rate capacity of the submarine fiber cable system for this multiplexing technique under study.
The Influence of Different Marshalling Methods on 30,000-Ton Heavy Haul Trains  [PDF]
Gang Wang
World Journal of Engineering and Technology (WJET) , 2025, DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2025.132019
Abstract: To study the reasonable formation mode of the 30,000-ton heavy-duty train, the article establishes a longitudinal dynamics model of the 30,000-ton heavy-duty train to study the transfer characteristics of the train air braking system; on this basis, two typical operating routes are selected, and the longitudinal impulses under the cyclic braking condition of the train of two different formation modes are analyzed by simulation. The results show that: the train is in consistent type downgrade and regenerative conditions, the location of the maximum hook force changes when the tail locomotive is put in and excised, and the power braking is put in, which helps to improve the train pressure hook force. When the train is passing through a sizeable undulating ramp, the regenerative condition, with power brake input, helps to improve the train pressure hook force when passing through a concave ramp. Power brake removal helps to strengthen the train pulling hook force when the train passes the convex ramp. The longitudinal impulses of the two formations are kept at a low level under each line condition, which provides a reference for the subsequent 30,000-ton heavy-duty train test and the formation selection for normalized operation.
Seizure precipitated during long haul flight
AR Devkota,AR Karki
Journal of Institute of Medicine , 2010, DOI: 10.3126/joim.v32i3.4962
Abstract: We report three diagnosed cases of epilepsy under medication that were on long haul flight from Kathmandu to different destinations in USA with different clinical outcomes during flight. The first case had brief seizure like episode during flight and was given oral benzodiazepine. The second case was put on prophylactic oral benzodiazepine to induce sleep and reduce seizure threshold and had an uneventful flight. The third case developed generalized tonic clonic seizure and was managed accordingly. Key words: Epilepsy; long haul flight; seizure. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i3.4962 Journal of Institute of Medicine , December, 2010; 32:3 59-61
Reducing Electrical Consumption in Stationary Long-Haul Trucks  [PDF]
Kajal Sheth, Dhvanil Patel, Gautam Swami
Open Journal of Energy Efficiency (OJEE) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/ojee.2024.133006
Abstract: On average, long-haul trucks in the U.S. use approximately 667 million gallons of fuel each year just for idling. This idling primarily facilitates climate control operations during driver rest periods. To mitigate this, our study explored ways to diminish the electrical consumption of climate control systems in class 8 trucks through innovative load reduction technologies. We utilized the CoolCalc software, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which integrates heat transfer principles with extensive weather data from across the U.S. to mimic the environmental conditions trucks face year-round. The analysis of the CoolCalc simulations was performed using MATLAB. We assessed the impact of various technologies, including white paint, advanced curtains, and Thinsulate insulation on reducing electrical demand compared to standard conditions. Our findings indicate that trucks operating in the eastern U.S. could see electrical load reductions of up to 40%, while those in the western regions could achieve reductions as high as 55%. Such significant decreases in energy consumption mean that a 10 kWh battery system could sufficiently manage the HVAC needs of these trucks throughout the year without idling. Given that many long-haul trucks are equipped with battery systems of around 800 Ah (9.6 kWh), implementing these advanced technologies could substantially curtail the necessity for idling to power air conditioning systems.
Organización y actividades preventivas en el sector del transporte de mercancías por carretera
Ordaz Castillo,Elena; Asúnsolo Del Barco,Angel; Maqueda Blasco,Jerónimo; Silva Mato,Agustín; Prieto Merino,David;
Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo , 2008, DOI: 10.4321/S0465-546X2008000300007
Abstract: goals: to identify the most prevalent resources and preventive activities in professional long-haul drivers and their peculiarities related to the other spanish production branches. methodology: we develop a descriptive analysis of data from the survey of health and working conditions in professional truck drivers and we compare these results with the other spanish production branches through the vnational survey on working conditions. the statistical analysis applied t-student test and the ji square. results: in this branch 77% of companies have less than 50 employees. 41% of drivers referred that it does not exist the ？delegado de prevención？ (workers representative) in their companies and 25% that there is not any preventive action. it is specially relevant the unknowledge among drivers about preventive resources in their companies (34.3%). the most frequently introduced preventive modality in the sector is the employer taking prevention by himself (13.6%) whilst other sectors are mainly covered by external preventive services (43%). conclusions: if transport branch is compared with the general - reference population it shows an image in which undersized companies linked to a weak development of preventive network could be determinant to their lowest preventive activities. also we find a better self perceived health related to a better access to preventive activities.
A Novel Radio over Fiber System for Long Haul Single-Mode-Fiber Transmission
Ardhendu Sekhar Patra,Anindya Sundar Das,Banibrata Bag,Akinchan Das
International Journal of Soft Computing & Engineering , 2013,
Abstract: We have proposed and demonstrated a novel architecture of a radio over fiber (RoF) system in this paper. In this downlink system, the base band data signals are carried by the optical millimeter-wave generated at the central station and converted to the electrical RF signal by a converter at the base station before we distribute them through antenna. Here we generate and transmit the optical millimeter-wave by using external modulation technique and carrier suppression method. The performance is investigated by the good eye diagram and the significantly low BER at different lengths of the single mode fiber (SMF).
Can low
Andrea Martín Rodríguez,John F O’Connell
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/1354816617724017
Abstract: Charter airlines operating all-inclusive vacation packages on the short-haul European market are quickly being replaced by low-cost carriers. The business model of low-cost carriers is now evolving to capture the long-haul travel segment and consequentially could replace the all-inclusive package holidays provided by the Charter airlines in this market. The research deduces that this will not transpire. The study extrapolates the opinions from experts who resonate that three pivotal cornerstones the differentiate Charter airlines from low-cost long-haul carriers which comprise of its destination expertise, Air Travel Organiser Licence affiliation and its horizontally integrated multifaceted enterprise. A passenger survey directed exclusively at passengers travelling on Charter airlines to long-haul destinations in Latin America found that vacationers aged 56 years and older together with families would not opt to vacation on low-cost long-haul airlines
The Impact of Work Organization, Job Stress, and Sleep on the Health Behaviors and Outcomes of U.S. Long
Adam Hege,Michael K. Lemke,Sevil S？nmez,Yorghos Apostolopoulos
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/1090198119826232
Abstract: Background. Compared with other occupations, long-haul truck drivers (LHTD) engage in excessively unhealthy behaviors and experience disproportionately poor health outcomes. Health promotion efforts targeting LHTDs focus on improving individual-level behaviors; however, this occupation is replete with adverse work organization characteristics, high job stress, and compromised sleep health, which are hypothesized to cause poor health behaviors and outcomes among LHTDs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the connections between work characteristics, job stress, and sleep outcomes, and health behaviors and physical and mental health outcomes among LHTDs. Method. This was a cross-sectional study, using interviewer-administered surveys with LHTDs (n = 260). Bivariate correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among work organization, job stress, sleep health, and health behaviors and outcomes. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether these work organization, job stress, and sleep factors predicted health behaviors and outcomes. Results. Long work hours of more than 11 hours daily (odds ratio [OR] = 2.34) resulted in increased odds of high caffeine consumption. High job stress (OR = 0.48) and poor sleep quality (OR = 0.42) led to decreased odds for spending at least 1 hour daily for cooking/eating. Low sleep duration, less than 7 hours daily (OR = 2.55), led to increased odds of a physical health diagnosis. Both high job stress (OR = 3.58) and poor sleep quality (OR = 2.22) resulted in increased odds of a mental health diagnosis. Conclusion. Health promotion efforts targeting LHTDs need to be coupled with upstream policy, environmental, and systems-level change, especially at the governmental and trucking industry levels
Fatigue in Long
Jenni M. Wise,Karen Heaton,Patricia Patrician
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/2165079918800509
Abstract: The majority of long-haul truck drivers are affected by fatigue. Notably, fatigue impacts not only quality of life, but the risk for human error, thus impacting the safety of our nation’s roads. In 2015, 400,000 trucking accidents occurred with the top driver impairment identified as being “asleep or fatigued.” Yet, the current scientific literature reflects different understandings of the concept of fatigue, hindering synchronized measurement and efforts toward its alleviation. The purpose of this work was to analyze the concept of fatigue in long-haul truck drivers using the Rodgers’ evolutionary method. The physical, cognitive, and emotional dimensions of fatigue are presented
Quality in Air transport process of LOT Polish Airlines
Daniela Heralová,Robert Rozenberg
- , 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14311/MAD.2015.16.05
Abstract: This article discusses the air transport process on scheduled long-haul flights of LOT Polish Airlines. Main focus is taken on price development of these routes. The introduction consists of a brief profile characterized LOT Polish Airlines. Next chapter summarizes the air transport process on scheduled longhaul flights. The frame of article is formed by price development statistics for scheduled long-haul flights to / from Beijing of LOT Polish Airlines and two other competing companies. Conclusion contains results of analysis and puts forward proposals to streamline of the air transport process on reviewed routes
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