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The Influence of Digital Technology on Decision-Making in the South African Police Service: Balancing Emerging Technologies with Ethical Imperatives  [PDF]
Jeanne Smit, Philip Vuma, Divya Singh
Advances in Applied Sociology (AASoci) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/aasoci.2026.164018
Abstract: Digital technology is increasingly reshaping decision-making in policing, altering how law enforcement agencies gather information, allocate resources, and respond to threats. This paper critically examines the influence of digital technology on decision-making within the South African Police Service (SAPS), with particular emphasis on the transition into Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolution (4IR/5IR) environments. SAPS operates under a constitutionally defined mandate to prevent, combat, and investigate crime; maintain public order; protect inhabitants and property; and uphold the law. As crime becomes more complex—including cybercrime and technology-enabled criminality—SAPS is compelled to modernise its systems and practices to maintain operational relevance and legitimacy. The study explores SAPS’s current digital initiatives, including crime intelligence systems, e-dockets, automated fingerprint identification systems, CCTV surveillance, mobile applications (including the newly launched MySAPS App), digital forensics, drones, and limited body-worn camera pilots. While these initiatives offer significant promise for improving efficiency, transparency, accountability, and community engagement, they also introduce new ethical and governance risks. These include algorithmic bias, unequal access to technological resources across operational levels, data privacy vulnerabilities, and the potential erosion of human rights through surveillance and media exposure. The paper argues that emerging technologies can enhance policing outcomes only when supported by robust legal frameworks, clear practice guidelines, and decision-makers who understand both the capabilities and limitations of the tools they deploy. Using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a guiding framework, the study analyses how SAPS leaders interpret, adopt, implement, and evaluate digital technologies. A qualitative methodology is employed, drawing on interviews with 25 senior SAPS officials, document analysis, and observational insights. Findings highlight both strong institutional intent toward digital transformation and persistent barriers, including resource constraints, outdated infrastructure, uneven skills development, and resistance to change. The paper concludes that SAPS’s digital future depends on balancing innovation with ethical imperatives, strengthening training and governance, and ensuring technology adoption advances democratic policing principles.
An Analytical Case on Meta’s Stakeholder Engagement  [PDF]
Grace Camille Curtom
American Journal of Industrial and Business Management (AJIBM) , 2025, DOI: 10.4236/ajibm.2025.159066
Abstract: This research will scrutinize a notable company that faced a public issue, specifically regarding Meta, that impacted stakeholder relationships. Meta, originally known as Facebook, was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 as a social networking platform for university students, which has since evolved into a worldwide sensation, attracting more than 2.8 billion active users monthly (Olorunlana, 2025). Meta faced several lawsuits regarding its business practices within the platform, which sparked public discourse and raised concerns about mental health issues. Meta dismissed these allegations through legal proceedings. However, the company intensified its measures to promote accountability by forming an oversight board that would handle its content moderation policies and practices. Meta also incorporated Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to help automatically remove harmful content online. It has also rebranded its company and formed a Metaverse community that is focused on promoting user-controlled privacy settings. However, despite these measures, additional steps must be taken to ensure Meta’s commitment towards transparency and accountability and to become a socially and ethically responsible company. To make use of a privacy by design concept that focuses on data minimization, reflecting ideal ethical standards for technology, and helping check potential organizational overreach. To have an independent third-party committee that will monitor and ensure Meta’s adherence to and compliance with data regulations. To promote educational programs that will promote a responsible digital community for its stakeholders. Ultimately, these strategies are essential for Meta to secure its reputation and ensure long-term growth in an increasingly regulated and ethically conscious world.
Fortalecendo o policiamento democrático e a responsabiliza？？o na Commonwealth do Pacífico
Prasad, Devika;
Sur. Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos , 2006, DOI: 10.1590/S1806-64452006000200006
Abstract: nine island countries make up the commonwealth pacific - fiji, kiribati, nauru, papua new guinea, samoa, solomon islands, tonga, tuvalu, and vanuatu. across the region, issues around policing and importantly police reform are key governance priorities, as well as being human rights concerns. policing in this particular region contends with large geographical distances within countries often spread over many islands, heterogeneous societies, violent crime, and sporadic political crises. the police must be equipped to meet these myriad challenges in support of democracy and human rights. this paper seeks ways to strengthen democratic policing in commonwealth pacific countries, by examining accountability over the police in particular. it outlines the legal frameworks, and institutional processes and mechanisms already in place to hold the police accountable - a key element of democratic policing. focusing mainly on police accountability, the aim of this paper is to describe how entrenched democratic policing is in the countries of the region, and also highlights strategies to better solidify democratic policing.
Accounting as an Instrument of Social Justice  [PDF]
Theresa F. Henry, Athar Murtuza, Renee E. Weiss
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2015.31009
Abstract: This article builds upon calls for a shift in the paradigm of the accounting discipline, away from preparing or certifying financial reporting of management activities aimed at maximizing share-holder wealth toward recognition that businesses must also be accountable to other stakeholders and indeed the community at large. If individuals in business apply a sound moral compass to their activities and decisions, we believe that commerce can shift toward outcomes that may not only satisfy shareholders but also contribute to the common good. In this article, we are concerned with the role of accounting and business education. We enumerate recommendations toward achieving this paradigm shift from profit maximization to social justice. In some cases, the instructor may implement changes in their pedagogy at their discretion, while in other cases the change may require approval at the department or at higher levels of the university administration. We begin with a discussion of recent accounting and financial reporting failures as well as the global financial crisis. The dangers created by risky practices of financial institutions “too big to fail” and the systemic risk of a global marketplace have not been resolved. We articulate the need for ethics in the accounting and business curricula, a need that is hardly satisfied by the one course typically offered by universities at the graduate level. We propose that businesses and the accounting profession can realize change by redefining accounting as an instrument of accountability. To accomplish this change, each university must critically examine its curricula and reflect topics and material most important to ethical and moral behavior, including borrowing from the liberal arts disciplines. Finally, this article shows how an interfaith approach grounded in social justice to infuse ethical and moral behavior within the accounting curriculum can work.
Transforming into Practice a Concept: Accounting as an Instrument of Social Justice  [PDF]
Athar Murtuza
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2019.78031
Abstract: This article is a follow-up to an earlier article (Henry, Murtuza, & Weiss, 2015) [1] that discussed the potential of accounting to do much more than prepare financial statements for investment decisions. The three authors argued in the earlier paper that accounting besides producing financial statement can also be an instrument of social justice. This paper, written by one of the three authors shows how the conceptual potential of accounting to be an instrument of social justice can be transformed into accounting pedagogical practices. In other words, instead of being merely concerned with “counting,” accounting can also be seen as being connected with accountability and the ability to account for and explain, the organizational reality. An introduction is provided in Section 1. In Section 2, this paper starts by recapitulating the earlier paper and then describing how this paper will build on the foundation the original paper provided. In Section 3, the use of literary works to help teach accounting and information engineering concept is illustrated. The last section provides suggestions to bring about an enrichment of the accounting and business curriculum. The last section is adaptation of a proposal the author wrote for his department. While one does not yet know how the proposal will be perceived by the department, the business school and the dean, it seems a worthy idea to make it a part of public domain so it could help others get started on their approaches to improving their teaching and the material they use.
The Role of Accountability and Islamic Work Ethics on the Relationship between Human Capital and Public Services Performance: The Case of Public Sector Organizations in Bahrain  [PDF]
Ebrahim Farhan Mubarak Busenan
Open Journal of Business and Management (OJBM) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/ojbm.2024.122069
Abstract: The accountability of public sector employees is an important issue in both developing and developed countries. The aspect of ethics among public sector employees is at the core of professionalism, effectiveness and efficiency of services delivery. This research examines the role of accountability as a moderating variable and Islamic work ethics as a mediating variable in the relationship between human capital and public services performance in the public sector organizations of Bahrain. The lack of previous studies in this area is the main motivation to undertake this study. The results of this research are that there is a positive, significant and direct relationship between human capital, accountability and Islamic work ethics and public services performance. The results also reveal that Islamic work ethics, as a mediating variable, has a highly positive effect on the relationship between human capital and public services performance at 35%. On the contrary, the effect of accountability, as the moderating variable, on the relationship between human capital and public services performance is not significant.
Artificial Intelligence Law through the Lens of Michel Foucault: Biopower, Surveillance, and the Reconfiguration of Legal Normativity  [PDF]
Damián Tuset Varela
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2024.1212012
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on legal systems through the theoretical lens of Michel Foucault. It explores how AI, as a contemporary technological apparatus, reinforces structures of surveillance and control, aligning with Foucault’s concepts of biopower and technologies of the self. The study argues that AI poses significant challenges to traditional legal categories of responsibility and morality, necessitating a reevaluation of legal frameworks. By analyzing case studies such as predictive policing in the United States and China’s social credit system, this paper demonstrates how AI functions as a form of biopower, extending state and corporate influence over individuals. The central hypothesis is that AI has the potential to deconstruct traditional notions of legal accountability and moral responsibility, urging a revaluation of the axiological aspects of existing law. The paper concludes by proposing legal adaptations, such as algorithmic impact assessments and enhanced transparency measures, to mitigate the risks of AI-driven control and safeguard individual autonomy.
“The Computer Said So”: On the Ethics, Effectiveness, and Cultural Techniques of Predictive Policing
Tero Karppi
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/2056305118768296
Abstract: In this paper, I use The New York Times’ debate titled, “Can predictive policing be ethical and effective?” to examine what are seen as the key operations of predictive policing and what impacts they might have in our current culture and society. The debate is substantially focused on the ethics and effectiveness of the computational aspects of predictive policing including the use of data and algorithms to predict individual behaviour or to identify hot spots where crimes might happen. The debate illustrates both the benefits and the problems of using these techniques, and makes a strong stance in favor of human control and governance over predictive policing. Cultural techniques in the paper is used as a framework to discuss human agency and further elaborate how predictive policing is based on operations which have ethical, epistemological, and social consequences
A Prolegomenon to the Relation Between Accounting, Language and Ethics
C. Edward Arrington
Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal , 2007,
Abstract: This essay outlines the preliminary structure of a moral ontology of accounting understood as discourse. Tospeak of an ontology of accounting is to speak of the most general features of accounting, those features of itsexistence that are present irrespective of variations in observed “accountings,” of ways in which accountingmanifests itself in lived experience. To speak of a moral ontology is to construe those general features asproducts of human choices and actions which follow from axiological (value-based) commitments to pursuethe good and just life, however that life might be understood, and indeed understood differently by differentpersons. Thus a moral ontology stands in distinction from, for example, a naturalistic ontology, one “freedfrom the freedom” of axiological horizons. Within its embeddedness in a moral ontology, the enactment ofaccounting takes empirical form as discourse – as an act of someone saying (writing) something aboutsomething to someone else (Ricoeur, 1976; Arrington & Francis, 1993). Thus if we seek to understandaccounting’s force in the world, a force that is always valued and evaluated in terms of consequences for thegood and just life, we get our most general understandings from attending to the ethics of language and itsuse. My task in this essay is to introduce the structure of what the elements of accounting’s relation to theethics of language and its use might be. Expanding upon that structure remains a task for future work.
Rethinking the law and politics of democratic police accountability
John LM McDaniel
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/0032258X16685107
Abstract: This paper evaluates the work and impact of a number of Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales and attempts to refocus public discourse and scrutiny on their police and crime plans as a key prism through which their performance should be measured. Drawing upon the literature published by various PCCs, the Stevens Commission, the Home Affairs Committee and numerous academics, the paper will argue that a major reform of democratic police accountability in England and Wales is needed. Due to the often voluminous and piecemeal nature of the documents published on the PCCs’ websites, the textual analysis is limited to the police and crime plans for Greater Manchester, the West Midlands and the London Metropolitan area
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