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Production and Characterisation of Briquettes from Carbonised Cocoa Pod Husk and Sawdust  [PDF]
Prince Ofori, Osei Akoto
Open Access Library Journal (OALib Journal) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106029
Abstract:
The demand for wood fuels in rural and some urban areas of Ghana keeps on increasing which could lead to forest degradation. The present study sought to produce and characterise briquette made from cocoa pod husk and a mixed sample which comprised of a mixture of cocoa pod husk and sawdust as an alternative source of fuel to reduce the pressure on wood fuels. Simple methods were used to produce the briquette for the study. The physico-chemical properties of the briquettes were conducted at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) where the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value of the briquettes were analysed and compared to the controlled sample charcoal produced from “Amire” species (Terminalia ivorensis) using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. A survey was also conducted to determine the usability of the briquettes using purposive sampling technique where sixty (60) respondents were given samples of the two different kinds of briquettes produced to use. Results obtained from the ultimate and proximate analysis showed that there were significant differences among the treatments (P < 0.05). Results obtained from the calorific value showed that the mixed briquette (23.6 MJ/Kg) produced significantly (P < 0.05) the highest amount of heat followed by the controlled charcoal (18.5 MJ/Kg) and carbonised cocoa pod husk briquette (16.7 MJ/Kg). Outcomes from the survey showed that (97%) of the respondent used wood fuels for their heating and cooking activities; (98%) of the respondents were ready to use the new briquettes produced if it is made available. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that the briquettes produced from cocoa pod husk and sawdust could help reduce the pressure on wood fuels, reduce deforestation and also provide cleaner fuel for cooking.
Comparative Effects of Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash on Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Dry Matter Yield of Cocoa (The-obroma cacao) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria  [PDF]
Olorunfemi Sunday Ojo Akanbi, Amos Olatunde Famaye, Olayinka Olufemi Olaniyi, Rufus Rotimi Ipinmoroti, C. I. Iloyanomo, Beatrice Abanum Nduka, Seun Adewale Adeosun
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/as.2014.511113
Abstract:

The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7°25'N Long. 3°25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.

Optimization and Production of Biodiesel from Castor Seed Oil Using Cocoa Pod Ash as a Catalyst  [PDF]
Olatayo Adedayo Olahanmi, Ogunniyi S. David, Ahuruonye Patrick, Simon Ochefije Oluma
American Journal of Analytical Chemistry (AJAC) , 2026, DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2026.174007
Abstract: This research work uses a base catalyst made from cocoa pods to optimize process variables for the production of biodiesel from castor oil. After being thermally treated for 35 minutes at 600？C, the cocoa pods were sieved to ensure homogeneity before being utilized in the transesterification process. Using Definitive Screen Design in Design Expert software 10.1, optimization was carried out. It was discovered that the ideal parameters for producing biodiesel using castor oil were 50？C, 2.5 hours of reaction time, a 10:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, and 6% weight percentage catalyst loading, which produced a 88% yield. The catalyst demonstrated a 69.48 kJ/mol activation energy, an exponential factor of 421.257 s？1, and four cycles of reusability. This study demonstrates the potential of catalysts made from cocoa pods for effective biodiesel production.
Studies on Nutrient Release Pattern of Neem Fortified Cocoa Pod Husk Fertilizer in an Alfisol
Ogunlade Moses Ogunwole,Gideon Olajire Adeoye,Joseph Sunday Ogeh
Jurnal Tanah Tropika , 2012,
Abstract: A laboratory experiment was carried out at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan to evaluate the nutrientrelease pattern of neem fortified cocoa pod husk developed for use as organic fertilizer materials. Cocoa Pod Husk(CPH), Neem Leaf (NL), Neem Seed (NS), CPH + NL (90:10), CPH + NL (80:20), CPH + NS (90:10) and CPH +NS (80:20) were separately applied at the rate of 100 kg N ha-1 into 50 g soil placed in plastic cups. There were sixsampling periods (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks) after treatment application. Soil N (Kjeldahl), P (Bray 1), K (1 NNH4OAc pH 7) and pH (soil:water ratio 1:2) were determined at each sampling period. The result showed that theorganic materials had significant effect in raising the pH of the soils compared to unamended soil. Neem fortifiedCPH significantly (P < 0.05) increased nitrogen release higher than control at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after application.Phosphorus release was significantly higher in soil treated with CPH, NL, NS and neem fortified CPH than thecontrol at 20 weeks after application. CPH and neem fortified CPH enhanced K release better than NL and NSapplied separately across the incubation periods. Neem leaf and seed powder with higher N content than CPH is aprecursor of N- release into the soil shortly after incorporation.
Performa Kambing yang Diberi Kulit Buah Kakao Terfermentasi
Suparjo,K. G. Wiryawan,E. B. Laconi,D. Mangunwidjaja
Media Peternakan , 2011,
Abstract: Utilization of cocoa pod husk (CPH) as feedstuff needs pretreatment to increase its nutrients availability. Bioconversion with Phanerochaete chrysosporium changes its structure by breaking down the linkage between lignin and structural carbohydrates. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the quality of fermented CPH biomass as feed for goats. The experimental treatments i.e.: A= 30% of fresh napier grass (RG) + 50% of dried RG + 20% of concentrate; B= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of dried RG + 40% of concentrate; C= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of CPH + 40% of concentrate; D= 30% of fresh RG + 30% of fermented CPH + 40% of concentrate and E= 30% of fresh RG + 50% of fermented CPH + 20% of concentrate. The treatments were allocated in a randomized block design with three replications. Feed intake, body weight gain and ration efficiency were measured. The use of fermented CPH at the level of 30% had higher (P<0.05) feed intake (560.33 g day-1), body weight gain (101.79 g head-1 day-1), and feed conversion (5.50) compared to other treatments. In conclusion that the use of 30% fermented CPH in the ration showed the best body weight gain and feed efficiency.
Utilization of Liquid Smoke from Cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cocoa L) for Germination of Red Seed (Capsicum annum L)
Ashri Indriati,Savitri Dyah,Sri Harti
Asian Journal of Applied Sciences , 2020, DOI: 10.24203/ajas.v8i1.6045
Abstract: Research has been carried out on the use of cocoa pod husks for making liquid smoke. Liquid smoke is the result of condensation from direct or indirect combustion vapors from materials that contain lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and other carbon compounds. This research was conducted to determine the effect of liquid smoke from cocoa pod husk on the germination of red chilli seeds (Capsicum annuum L). The first stage of this research is the manufacture of liquid smoke from the cocoa pod husk using pyrolyzer. The resulting liquid smoke is subjected to chemical and physical quality testing, and is applied as a liquid fertilizer for red chilli seeds (Capsicum annuum L). The test results of making liquid smoke from the cocoa pod husk showed that the yield of liquid smoke produced was 19%. The results of the analysis of the chemical quality of liquid smoke in the third grade by using GCMS detected 30 chemical components, the main component as a liquid smoke characteristic is acetic acid, phenol, carbamic acid compounds. The results of the physical quality analysis of liquid smoke show a very strong smell, reddish brown, and black sediment in the form of tar. The results of the testing of liquid smoke on the germination of red chilli seeds showed that the concentration of liquid smoke (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% , 4.5% and 5%) have a very significant effect on the maximum growth potential and germination of red chili seeds (Capsicum annum L)
Assessing the Efficacy of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Extracts in Combating Black Pod Disease: Sustainable Solutions for Controlling Phytophthora megakarya in Cameroon’s Cocoa Plantations  [PDF]
Gertrude Membang, James Michel Tchotet Tchoumi, Godswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong, Emmanuel Yvan Mba Ela, Sylvere Landry Lontsi Dida, Ludovic Tchuenkam Tsango, Pascal Lo？c Ekango Mbondjo, Fritz Oben Tabi
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2024, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2024.157036
Abstract: The use of plant extracts as antifungal agents is gaining increasing attention, particularly for the control of black pod disease in cocoa. Despite extensive research, current strategies haven’t been entirely effective. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus and Blumea balsamifora leaf extracts, both individually and in combination, against Phytophthora megakarya. We assessed the efficacy of the most promising combination (75% B. balsamifera, 25% C. citratus) after storage at room temperature for up to 9 days. Agar microdilution and in vivo bioassays were conducted to determine antifungal susceptibility and effectiveness. Blumea extract exhibited the highest overall inhibitory activity, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (117 μl mL？1) while C. citratus had a narrower range of MIC (146 to 233 μl mL？1). The combination of C. citratus and B. balsamifera demonstrated a synergistic effect against P. megakarya, achieving growth inhibition on V8 media (92.72 ± 4.20% to 100%) and on artificially infected detached pod cortex (92.24 ± 4.53% to 98.75 ± 1.25%), which was not significantly different from the positive control (Ridomil). Furthermore, this combination maintained its effectiveness for up to 9 days at room temperature. These findings suggest that combining plant extracts can enhance their antifungal properties.
Substitusi Rumput Lapangan dengan Kulit Buah Coklat Amoniasi dalam Ransum Domba Lokal
M. Zain
Media Peternakan , 2009,
Abstract: An experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of substitution of native grass with ammoniated cocoa pod on digestibility and live weight gain of sheep. Three treatments were arranged in a randomized block design consisting of five replicates. The total of 15 head of 8–14 months old lokal sheeps with initial live weight 9-12 kg were used. The treatments were A= 50% native grass and 50% concentrate, B= 25% native grass+ 25% ammoniated cocoa pod + 50% concentrate C= 50% ammoniated cocoa pod + 50% concentrate. The results indicated that substitution of native grass with ammoniated cocoa pod did not significantly influence feed intake, digestibility, live weight gain and diet efficiency. It was indicated that ammoniated cocoa pod can be used to replace the native grass in sheep diet.
Ekstraksi Selulosa dari Pod Husk Kakao Menggunakan Sodium Hidroksida
Djagal Wiseso Marseno,Gatot Siswo Hutomo,Sri Anggrahini,Supriyanto Supriyanto
- , 2012, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9612 https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9612
Abstract: Cacao pod husk contains some compounds like pectin, lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose, and other compounds suchas caffeine and theobromine. Especially for cellulose should be modiT ed as derivates which it have multi functionsin food application. Extraction cellulose from pod husk cacao was investigated. The aim of the research was to T ndthe concentration of sodium hydroxide for cellulose extraction from pod husk cacao. Bleaching for cellulose werecarried out twice using sodium hypochlorite 3% (oxydator) and sodium bisulT t 3% (reductor) to rise lightness. FT-IRand X-Ray spectra were detected in cellulose. Cellulose extracted using sodium hydroxide from pod husk cacao about26.09% (db) with crystalline 27.14%, ash content 6.56% (db), WHC 5.87 g/g and OHC 2.74 g/g. It could be concludedthat sodium hydroxide 12% is the best level to extract cellulose from pod husk cacao with double bleaching. ABSTRAK Pod husk kakao banyak mengandung komponen kimia seperti pektin, lignin, hemiselulosa dan selulosa serta beberapakomponen yang lain yaitu caffein dan theobromine. Khusus selulosa dapat dilakukan modiT kasi sebagai turunanselulosa yang mempunyai banyak fungsi serta dapat diaplikasikan untuk pangan. Penelitian ekstraksi selulosa dari podhusk kakao telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh konsentrasi sodium hidroksida sebagaibahan untuk ekstraksi selulosa dari pod husk kakao. Selulosa pada pod husk kakao terikat sangat kuat dengan lignin,sodium hidroksida akan memutus dengan baik ikatan antara selulosa dengan lignin. Bleaching pada selulosa jugadilakukan dengan menggunakan sodium hipoklorida 3% dan sodium bisulT t 3% untuk meningkatkan lightness. SpektraFT-IR dan X-ray juga dilakukan untuk pendeteksian pada selulosa hasil ekstraksi. Hasil ekstraksi selulosa dari pod huskkakao menggunakan sodiumhidroksida 12% menghasilkan rendemen sekitar 26,09% (db) dengan kristalinitas 27,14%,kadar abu 6,56% (db), WHC 5,87 g/g dan OHC 2,74 g/g. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sodium hidroksida 12% adalahkonsentrasi yang paling baik untuk mengekstraksi selulosa dari pod husk kakao
Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children
Srikanth R,Shashikiran N,Subba Reddy V
Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry , 2008,
Abstract: Background: Glucosyltransferases (GTF) play an important role in the adherence of bacteria to acquired pellicle. Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) has been shown to possess anti-glucosyltransferase and antibacterial activity. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CBHE on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococcus count when used as a mouth rinse by children. Materials and Methods: Scaling of the teeth of the selected children was done and the children were instructed to refrain from their routine oral hygiene practices till the morning of the fourth day; they were instead given a placebo mouth rinse for use during this period. On the fourth day, saliva was collected from each subject for microbiological analysis and plaque was disclosed and scored using the modified Quigley and Hein plaque index; later, the teeth were cleaned. After 1 week, scaling of the subjects was done and they were given CBHE mouth rinse to rinse their mouth, following the above protocol. The data was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon′s signed rank test. Results: There was a 20.9% decrease in mutans streptococci counts and a 49.6% decrease in plaque scores in the CBHE group as compared to the placebo group, which was highly significant (P value < 0.001). Conclusion: CBHE is highly effective in reducing mutans streptococci counts and plaque deposition when used as a mouth rinse by children.
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