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Introduction, Sign, Symptoms, Prevention and Management of Lyme Disease Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi Channeled through Ixodes Ticks as Vector. A Review  [PDF]
Fakhra Tabbasam, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Usman Asghar, Kamaran Saeed Paracha, Takhmina Nazir
Advances in Entomology (AE) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ae.2016.45026
Abstract: God has created many miraculous creature; ticks are one of them. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterium that lives into the gut of ticks. When such ticks feed upon the blood of Ticks and other livestock, bacteria are transferred into their blood stream of these hosts. A disease is caused into human beings if such infected tick bites humans that are called as Lyme disease. This review will help to have a keen study on the cause, sign, symptoms, prevention and management of this disease.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma of the Colon in a Patient with Borrelia burgdorferi Infection (Lyme Arthritis)  [PDF]
Timothy Rinden, Juan C. Manivel, Peter A. Valen
Case Reports in Clinical Medicine (CRCM) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/crcm.2021.1012050
Abstract: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma generally occurs in the context of chronic inflammation or autoimmune disorders. The most common infections linked to MALT lymphomas include Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated gastritis, Chlamydophila psittacii and hepatitis C infection. Although Borrelia burgdorferi infection has been linked to primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL), there is no known link between Borrelia burgdorferi infection and MALT lymphomas in the US. We report a patient who developed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the colon in the context of untreated Lyme arthritis, and no other autoimmune disorders or infections known to be associated with MALT lymphoma. We recommend that Lyme disease due to Borrelia burgdorferi be considered as a possible underlying infection potentially contributing to the emergence of extranodal lymphoma.
Systematic review of Lyme disease in Turkey
Ay？e Uyan ？nal,Hüseyin Ayta？ Erdem,O？uz Re？at Sipahi,U？ur ？nal
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/0049475519843387
Abstract: A systematic review was conducted with the aim of describing the demographical data, features and outcomes of patients with Lyme disease (LD), reported from Turkey. Three international database (electronic PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) and two national database (Ulakbim and Turkmedline) searches were performed using the following keywords ([‘Lyme’ or ‘Borrelia burgdorferi’ or ‘Borrelia’ or ‘Borreliosis’] and ‘Turkey [and/country]’). National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNNDS) of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria were used for classification. A PRISMA-based algorithm was used for systematic review. There were a total of 75 LD cases in 36 different reports. Studies related to LD are confined to case reports. We believe that LD is an important healthcare problem in Turkey and to our knowledge this is the first systematic review from this country
Freqüência de anticorpos homólogos anti-Borrelia burgdorferi em eqüinos na mesorregi？o metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará
Galo, Katiany R.;Fonseca, Adivaldo H.;Madureira, Renata C.;Barbosa Neto, José D.;
Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira , 2009, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2009000300007
Abstract: spirochaetes transmitted by ticks are microorganisms of worldwide distribution, which infect wild, domestic animals and human beings. a total of 300 equine sera from four municipalities: ananideua (58), belém (61), castanhal (131), and santa izabel do pará (50), were evaluated for borrelia burgdorferi by an elisa test. there were no significant differences (p<0.05) among municipalities, breed, sex or husbandry. a total of 80 (26.7%) horses were b. burgdorferi positive with titles of 1:800, 72 (90%) horses, 1:1.600, 6 (7.5%) horses, and 1:3.200, 2 (2.5%) horses. the results were similar to those in the usa, where related frequencies ranged from 7 to 75% in asymptomatic seropositive horses. the presence of anti-b.burgdorferi homologous antibodies in horses from four municipalities in the metropolitan mesorregion of belém suggests the possibility of occurrence of human cases in the region.
Serolo？ko istra？ivanje lajmske borelioze u pasa s podru？ja grada Zagreba u Hrvatskoj.
Marinculi？, Albert,Modri？, Zvonko,Turk, Nenad
- , 2000,
Abstract: Sa？etak Imunoenzimnim testom (ELISA) pretra？eno je 120 uzoraka klini？ki zdravih pasa, 74 ？istokrvna, 46 kri？anih, 57 ？enki i 63 mu？jaka podru？ja grada Zagreba na prisutnost protutijela za B. burgdorferi. Trokratnom i/v imunizacijom psa 1., 7. i 14. dana s po 5 ml kulture B. burgdorferi sensu stricto soj B 31 ATCC 35210 u koli？ini 1,4 × 107 bakterija/ml dobiven je 28. dan od po？etka imunizacije pozitivni kontrolni serum, a negativni je uzet prije imunizacije. Od istog soja na？injen je ultrazvu？no lizirani antigen za imunoenzimni test？ (ELISA) ？iji je proteinski sastav odre？en elektroforezom u poliakrilamidnom gelu uz dodatak natrijevog dodecilsulfata (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis - SDS PAGE). U 6 (5%) uzoraka seruma pasa ustanovljen je titar IgG protutijela od 1:500 do 1:2000 (ODp=0,650 + 36,49, n=6) u dvije kuje i ？etiri psa u dobi od 2,5 do 8 god., u dva labradora i po jednog njema？kog ov？ara, ma？arske vi？le, koker ？panijela i njema？kog o？trodlakog pti？ara. Od 114 seruma u kojih apsorpcijska vrijednost nije prelazila grani？nu apsorpcijsku vrijednost za pozitivne (OD=0,562) u tri seruma apsorpcijska vrijednost je bila blizu grani？ne apsorpcijske vrijednosti. Ustanovljena IgG protutijela za B. burgdorferi u serumima pasa ukazuju da psi podru？ja grada Zagreba bivaju inficirani bakterijom B. burgdorferi i da je to podru？je dio ？ireg srednjeeuropskog endemskog ？ari？ta lajmske borelioze
Serologic studies of canine Lyme borreliosis in the Zagreb area (Croatia).
Marinculi？, Albert,Modri？, Zvonko,Turk, Nenad
- , 2000,
Abstract: Sa？etak Sera from 120 apparently healthy dogs, 74 purebred, 46 mixed-bred, 57 females and 63 males in the Zagreb area (Croatia) were examined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. During triple i/v immunization of dog at 1, 7 and 14 day, on each occasion with 5 ml 1.4×107 cells/ml of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, strain B31 ATCC 35210, a positive control serum was obtained at day 28 p.i., while negative control serum was obtained prior to immunization. The antigen for ELISA was prepared from the same bacterial strain sonicated on ice. The sonicate was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi were estimated in 6 (5%) samples of dog sera in titre ranging from 1:100 to 1:2000 (Optical density-OD=0.650 + 36.49, n=6). Antibodies to B. burgdorferi were found in two females and four males, two Labrador retrievers and in one German shepherd, a Hungarian viszla, one cocker spaniel, and a German wirehaired pointer at 2.5 to 8 years of age. Of 114 seronegative samples three samples were found to be very close to the margin of optical density that determined seropositive result (OD=0.562). Estimated seroprevalence to B. burgdorferi in dog sera suggested that dogs in the Zagreb area are infected with B. burgdorferi and that the Zagreb area is part of a wider Central European Lyme boreliosis endemic area
A case of chronic progressive Lyme encephalitis as a manifestation of late Lyme neuroborreliosis
Disha Shah,Marina Zaretskaya,Matthew Roman,Mohamed H. Yassin,Vivek Verma
- , 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2014.5496
Abstract: A 54-year-old female living in Europe presented with gait ataxia, dizziness, and bilateral hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed non-specific white matter changes. The patient’s condition gradually deteriorated over two years without diagnosis. The patient continued to decline cognitively and neurologically with worsening ataxia and upper motor neuron signs. Repeat MRI showed worsening white matter changes. Lumbar puncture, not previously done, showed positive Lyme testing. Treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone resulted in marked neurological improvement. Four years after symptom, the patient has short-term memory deficits and chronic fatigue, but is otherwise neurologically, cognitively, and functionally intact. Follow up MRI findings remain largely unchanged. Because cases of intraparenchymal or encephalopathic neuroborreliosis in America are lacking, so are treatment options. We present a rare case and discuss our experience with antibiotic treatment. This case lends evidence to define optimal treatment of this disease, imperative for hastening neurological recovery
Dissociating Delusional Disorders and Infections from Dermatologic and Neurologic Effects of Morgellons Disease  [PDF]
Jase Grimm, Buddhini N. Dolapihilla, Gangoda Elapathage Dulara Mahen Elapatha, Udula Vidanage
Advances in Infectious Diseases (AID) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/aid.2021.114028
Abstract: Morgellons disease (MD) is a multi-system disorder characterized by multicolor filaments extruding out of the skin along with an array of dermatologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It was previously termed Delusional parasitosis. However, published scientific data found the association of MD symptoms with the systemic manifestations of Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia spirochete. In a retrospective study of 122 MD patients, skin specimens were examined and 96% of them showed Borrelia spirochete in their histology sample. Hence, this association suggests that spirochete infection could be a possible cause of chronic illness in MD patients, and this rejected the physician’s perception that MD lesions might be self-inflicted. A cohort study reported tick-borne co-infections among MD patients, which could also be an etiological factor for dermopathy in MD patients. Some literature also discussed neuropsychiatric manifestations like cognitive impairment, dementia anxiety, depression, paranoia, and sensory hallucinations in Lyme disease and associated tick-borne infection. The objectives of this review are to identify the differences in the past and current perception regarding the pathogenesis of MD and determine the associations of spirochetal and tick-borne diseases with MD and psychiatric illnesses. More than 50 new research articles and case reports were reviewed and only 31 articles were shortlisted and used as references. This review has a detailed discussion on Morgellons disease and its association with Spirochete infection.
莱姆病的概况及其防治研究进展
Overview of Lyme Disease and Research Progress on Its Prevention and Control  [PDF]
樊丽婷, 张芳
Advances in Microbiology (AMB) , 2026, DOI: 10.12677/amb.2026.151003
Abstract: 本文系统阐述了莱姆病的致病机制、流行病学特征、临床表现、诊断技术及防控策略。该疾病属于新发人畜共患病范畴，其致病源为伯氏疏螺旋体为病原体，可通过蜱媒途径实现病原传播。其临床表现有三个阶段，早期以游走性红斑为主，中期主要累及神经和心血管系统，晚期则表现为慢性关节炎和神经系统损伤。在全球范围内，莱姆病分布比较广泛，分布在五大洲的70余个国家，我国现统计已有30个省份报告病例，主要聚集在东北、西北一带以及内蒙古草原地区。该病诊断主要依托蜱虫叮咬史、典型的临床症状为主要依据，并辅以病原学特征及血清学检测，从而确诊该病病例。治疗以抗生素为主，如多西环素、阿莫西林和头孢曲松，根据其病情的发展阶段和损害器官程度不同选择不同方案。预防层面，疫苗目前尚未全球普及，日常防控措施至关重要。未来需持续研发高精尖诊断技术，提升莱姆病防控水平，保障公共卫生安全。
This paper provides a detailed overview of the etiological characteristics, epidemiological distri- bution, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and prevention and control measures of tick-borne Lyme disease. Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted through tick bites, Lyme disease is an emerging zoonosis. Clinically, it manifests in stages, with early-stage erythema migrans being predominant, followed by potential involvement of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in the intermediate stage, and chronic arthritis and neurological damage in the late stage. Globally, Lyme disease is distributed across more than 70 countries in five continents, with cases reported in 30 provinces in China, primarily concentrated in forested regions of Northeast, Northwest, and Inner Mongolia. Diagnosis relies on a history of tick bites, typical clinical presentations, and etiological and serological tests. Antibiotic therapy, including doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone, is the mainstay of treatment, with regimens tailored to the disease stage and affected organs. Vaccines are not yet globally available, emphasizing the importance of tick prevention measures. Future efforts should focus on developing highly sensitive diagnostic technologies to enhance Lyme disease prevention and control and safeguard public health.
An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to tinidazole
Brorson,？ystein; Brorson,Sverre-Henning;
International Microbiology , 2004,
Abstract: the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of borrelia burgdorferi to tinidazole (tz) was examined. the minimal bactericidal concentration (mbc) of tz against the mobile spirochetes was >128 μg/ml at 37°c in micro-oxic atmosphere when incubated for 14 days. tz significantly reduced the conversion of mobile spirochetes to cystic forms during incubation. the mbc for older (10-months-old) cysts at 37°c in a micro-oxic atmosphere was >0.5 μg/ml, but >0.125 μg/ml for young (1-day-old) cysts. acridine orange staining, dark-field microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that, when the concentration of tz was ≥ mbc, the contents of the cysts were partly degraded, core structures did not develop inside the young cysts, and the amount of rna in these cysts decreased significantly. when cysts were exposed to tz, both the spirochetal structures and core structures inside the cysts dissolved, and the production of blebs was significantly reduced. these observations may be valuable in the treatment of resistant infections caused by b. burgdorferi, and suggest that a combination of tz and a macrolide antibiotic could eradicate both cystic and mobile forms of b. burgdorferi.
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