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Hysteresis of White Adipose Tissue  [PDF]
Alain Gélo？n, Hédi Soula, Lilas Hadji, Emmanuelle Berger
Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (OJEMD) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2015.510018
Abstract: Objective: This study was performed to analyze the modifications within adipose tissue during calorie restriction and more specifically to state whether hysteresis occurs during fat mass reduction. Method: Rats male Wistar increased their body weight by 130 g under control conditions and were then submitted to a calorie restriction (CR) at 30% or 60% of control. Experiment has been stopped when the body weight of the group CR60% returned back to its initial value. Samples of retroperitoneal adipose tissue were collected by biopsies along the study. Adipose cell size was analyzed using multisizer IV (Beckman Coulter) to determine the size distribution curves during natural growth and after calorie restriction. Results: After CR60%, body weights and adipose tissue masses were similar to the ones at the beginning of the experiment. Adipose cell size distribution curve was shifted to the left compared to the one of initial control. Adipose cell sizes were significantly lower after CR60% than those of control at the beginning of the experiment. Conclusions: These results state for the first time that hysteresis occurs in white adipose tissue after calorie restriction. The composition of adipose tissue after calorie restriction was significantly different than the one of initial control. After significant weight loss, organisms must be considered as different from the initial controls, they are most likely governed by different regulations which will have to be identified.
Adipocyte morphometric evaluation and angiogenesis in the omentum transposed to the breast: a preliminary study
Costa, Sirlei Santos;Blotta, Rosa Maria;Meurer, Luise;Edelweiss, Maria Isabel Albano;
Clinics , 2011, DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011000200021
Abstract: objective: the purpose of this study was to describe the probable mechanism of the volume increase of laparoscopically harvested omentum flaps used to treat breast deformities. methods: a histological analysis of omentum samples was performed to study the volume increase of laparoscopically harvested omentum flaps. samples were harvested immediately after the transposition of the omentum from the abdominal cavity to the breast region and during the second surgical procedure for breast symmetrization of eight patients submitted to the transposition of the omentum flap. changes in the morphometric measurements of the adipocytes (perimeter, diameter, and area), microvascular density (as measured by the cd31 endothelial marker), and immunohistochemical expression of vegf were documented. results: the increases in adipocyte size and microvascular density were statistically significant (p < 0.012). the expression levels of vegf were lower in the second set of samples when compared to the first set, but the differences were not statistically significant (p < 0.093). conclusion: these results demonstrate an increase in cellular volume as measured by adipocyte perimeter, diameter, and area. moreover, the increase in the number of vessels in the second set of samples suggests that neoangiogenesis was stimulated by the initial increase in vegf expression levels observed in the first set of samples. the increase in vegf expression in the flap may have been caused by adipocyte hypertrophy resulting from neoangiogenesis.
Hypertrophic Obesity and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
Andi Wijaya,Anna Meiliana
- , 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v6i2.33
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the past 50 years, scientists have recognized that not all adipose tissue is alike, and that health risk is associated with the location as well as the amount of body fat. Different depots are sufficiently distinct with respect to fatty-acid storage and release as to probably play unique roles in human physiology. Whether fat redistribution causes metabolic disease or whether it is a marker of underlying processes that are primarily responsible is an open question. CONTENT: The limited expandability of the subcutaneous adipose tissue leads to inappropriate adipose cell expansion (hypertrophic obesity) with local inflammation and a dysregulated and insulin-resistant adipose tissue. The inability to store excess fat in the subcutaneous adipose tissue is a likely key mechanism for promoting ectopic fat accumulation in tissues and areas where fat can be stored, including the intra-abdominal and visceral areas, in the liver, epi/pericardial area, around vessels, in the myocardium, and in the skeletal muscles. Many studies have implicated ectopic fat accumulation and the associated lipotoxicity as the major determinant of the metabolic complications of obesity driving systemic insulin resistance, inflammation, hepatic glucose production, and dyslipidemia. SUMMARY: In summary, hypertrophic obesity is due to an impaired ability to recruit and differentiate available adipose precursor cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Thus, the subcutaneous adipose tissue may be particular in its limited ability in certain individuals to undergo adipogenesis during weight increase. Inability to promote subcutaneous adipogenesis under periods of affluence would favor lipid overlow and ectopic fat accumulation with negative metabolic consequences. KEYWORDS: obesity, adipogenesis, subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, adipocyte dysfunctio
Heterogeneous response of adipose tissue to cancer cachexia
Bertevello, P.S.;Seelaender, M.C.L.;
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 2001, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-879X2001000900009
Abstract: cancer cachexia causes disruption of lipid metabolism. since it has been well established that the various adipose tissue depots demonstrate different responses to stimuli, we assessed the effect of cachexia on some biochemical and morphological parameters of adipocytes obtained from the mesenteric (mes), retroperitoneal (rpat), and epididymal (eat) adipose tissues of rats bearing walker 256 carcinosarcoma, compared with controls. relative weight and total fat content of tissues did not differ between tumor-bearing rats and controls, but fatty acid composition was modified by cachexia. adipocyte dimensions were increased in mes and rpat from tumor-bearing rats, but not in eat, in relation to control. ultrastructural alterations were observed in the adipocytes of tumor-bearing rat rpat (membrane projections) and eat (nuclear bodies).
Interrelationship between adipocytes and fibroblasts during acute damage to the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats: an ultrastructural study
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 1998, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-879X1998000500009
Abstract: ultrastructural phenotypic transitional features were noted between adult adipocytes and fibroblasts in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dorsal pad of normal adult wistar rats of both sexes, weighing 180-260 g, after acute injury either by the implantation of small (1.8 x 1 x 0.4 cm) perforated plastic boxes or by local heat application. soon after the inflicted damage, fat-containing cells presented variable shapes. early after damage, some of these cells were round, adipocyte-like, with numerous and large cytoplasmic fat droplets. a few days later, fat-containing cells became elongated, with the fat droplets in their cytoplasm becoming smaller and less numerous. the cells also showed a prominent active rough endoplasmic reticulum and newly formed collagenous matrix accumulated in the interstices. although current views consider adult adipocytes to be terminal cells, the present findings, in their time sequence, strongly suggest the transformation of adipocytes into fibroblasts after acute injury to adipose tissue.
Interrelationship between adipocytes and fibroblasts during acute damage to the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats: an ultrastructural study
Andrade Z.A.,de-Oliveira-Filho J.,Fernandes A.L.M.
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 1998,
Abstract: Ultrastructural phenotypic transitional features were noted between adult adipocytes and fibroblasts in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dorsal pad of normal adult Wistar rats of both sexes, weighing 180-260 g, after acute injury either by the implantation of small (1.8 x 1 x 0.4 cm) perforated plastic boxes or by local heat application. Soon after the inflicted damage, fat-containing cells presented variable shapes. Early after damage, some of these cells were round, adipocyte-like, with numerous and large cytoplasmic fat droplets. A few days later, fat-containing cells became elongated, with the fat droplets in their cytoplasm becoming smaller and less numerous. The cells also showed a prominent active rough endoplasmic reticulum and newly formed collagenous matrix accumulated in the interstices. Although current views consider adult adipocytes to be terminal cells, the present findings, in their time sequence, strongly suggest the transformation of adipocytes into fibroblasts after acute injury to adipose tissue.
Heterogeneous response of adipose tissue to cancer cachexia
Bertevello P.S.,Seelaender M.C.L.
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 2001,
Abstract: Cancer cachexia causes disruption of lipid metabolism. Since it has been well established that the various adipose tissue depots demonstrate different responses to stimuli, we assessed the effect of cachexia on some biochemical and morphological parameters of adipocytes obtained from the mesenteric (MES), retroperitoneal (RPAT), and epididymal (EAT) adipose tissues of rats bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, compared with controls. Relative weight and total fat content of tissues did not differ between tumor-bearing rats and controls, but fatty acid composition was modified by cachexia. Adipocyte dimensions were increased in MES and RPAT from tumor-bearing rats, but not in EAT, in relation to control. Ultrastructural alterations were observed in the adipocytes of tumor-bearing rat RPAT (membrane projections) and EAT (nuclear bodies).
The distribution and adipogenic potential of perivascular adipose tissue adipocyte progenitors is dependent on sexual dimorphism and vessel location
G. Andres Contreras,Kyan Thelen,Nadia Ayala‐Lopez,Stephanie W. Watts
- , 2016, DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12993
Abstract: There are sex associated differences in the risk for cardiovascular comorbidities in obesity and metabolic syndrome. A common clinical finding in these diseases is the expansion of perivascular adipose tissues (PVAT) which is associated with alterations in their role as regulators of vessel function. PVAT hyperplasia and hypertrophy are dependent on the biology of populations of adipocyte progenitor cells (APC). It is currently unclear if PVAT enlargement diverges between males and females and the mechanisms linking APC biology with sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that vessel location and sexual dimorphism affect the distribution and adipogenic capacity of APC in cardiovascular disease risk relevant PVAT sites. PVAT from thoracic aorta (aPVAT) and mesenteric resistance arteries (mPVAT) was collected from 10‐week‐old female and male Sprague–Dawley rats. Differences in APC distribution in stromal vascular fraction cells from PVAT were determined. APC were defined as cells expressing CD34, CD44, and platelet derived growth factor α. In both sexes aPVAT had fewer APC compared to mPVAT and perigonadal adipose tissue (GON). Sex‐related differences were observed in the expression of CD34, where females had fewer CD34+ cells in PVATs. APC proliferation and adipogenic capacity in vitro were not affected by sex. However, APC from aPVAT had a lower proliferation capacity compared to mPVAT. These data demonstrate that the distribution of APC within PVAT exhibits sexual dimorphism and is affected by anatomical location
Chagas disease, adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome
Nagajyothi, Fnu;Desruisseaux, Mahalia S;Weiss, Louis M;Chua, Streamson;Albanese, Chris;Machado, Fabiana S;Esper, Lisia;Lisanti, Michael P;Teixeira, Mauro M;Scherer, Philipp E;Tanowitz, Herbert B;
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , 2009, DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762009000900028
Abstract: trypanosoma cruzi infection of the adipose tissue of mice triggers the local expression of inflammatory mediators and a reduction in the expression of the adipokine adiponectin. t. cruzi can be detected in adipose tissue by pcr 300 days post-infection. infection of cultured adipocytes results in increased expression of cytokines and chemokines and a reduction in the expression of adiponectin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 3, both of which are negative regulators of inflammation. infection also results in the upregulation of cyclin d1, the notch pathway, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and a reduction in the expression of caveolin-1. thus, t. cruzi infection of cultured adipocytes leads to an upregulation of the inflammatory process. since adiponectin null mice have a cardiomyopathic phenotype, it is possible that the reduction in adiponectin contributes to the pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy. adipose tissue may serve as a reservoir for t. cruzi from which parasites can become reactivated during periods of immunosuppression. t. cruzi infection of mice often results in hypoglycemia. in contrast, hyperglycemia as observed in diabetes results in increased parasitemia and mortality. adipose tissue is an important target tissue of t. cruzi and the infection of this tissue is associated with a profound impact on systemic metabolism, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Use of 14C-glucose by primary cultures of mature rat epididymal adipocytes. Marked release of lactate and glycerol, but limited lipogenesis in the absence of external stimuli
Ana Cecilia Ho-Palma,Floriana Rotondo,José Antonio Fernández-López,Marià Alemany,María del Mar Romero,Xavier Remesar
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1460020
Abstract: White adipose tissue can metabolize large amounts of glucose to glycerol and lactate. We quantitatively traced glucose label to lactate, glycerol and fats in primary cultures of mature rat epididymal adipocytes. Cells were incubated with 7/14 mM 14C-glucose for 24/48 h. Medium metabolites and the label in them and in cells' components were measured. Gene expression analysis was done using parallel incubations. Glucose concentration did not affect lactate efflux and most parameters. Glycerol efflux increased after 24 h, coinciding with arrested lipogenesis. Steady production of lactate was maintained in parallel to glycerogenesis. Changes in adipocyte metabolism were paralleled by gene expression. Glucose use for lipogenesis was minimal, and stopped (24 h-onwards) when glycerol efflux increased because of triacylglycerol turnover. Lactate steady efflux showed that anaerobic glycolysis was the main adipocyte source of energy. We can assume that adipose tissue may play a quantitatively significant effect on glycaemia, returning 3C fragments thus minimizing lipogenesis
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