This study examined the concern level of 390 respondents regarding each of the 10 major disasters: flood, waterlogging, riverbank erosion, driving rain, drought, nor’westerly, sand heat, cold waves, tornado/cyclone, lateral water pressure. The mean level of concern and the standard deviation were provided to underscore some of the large variations in concern that were found in the data on which the study was based. The disasters which received the highest mean scores were driving rain, tornado/cyclone, drought, and flood, with scores of 3.85, 3.84, 3.73, and 3.69, respectively. Sand heat (M = 3.42) and waterlogging (M = 3.40) were not a matter of concern, as very little was known by the general population about the dangers of these types of events. The trends that were evident when looking at the data were visualized in three ways: bar charts, heat map, and radar plot. The paper concluded that disaster communication plans in Bangladesh need to be developed based on high-concern disasters requiring instant attention and low-concern disasters that need better awareness. Learnings from these lessons can contribute to policymakers in the creation of specific preparedness plans and to bolster community resiliency for the future.
References
[1]
Adithyan, V., Neetu, S., & Krishnan, A. (2026). Probabilistic Assessment of Tropical Cyclone-Induced Storm Surge Hazards along the Bay of Bengal Coast. Natural Hazards, 122, Article No. 462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-026-08196-5
[2]
Akter, S., Hossain, M. T., Sheikh, N., Redwan, F., Billah, M. M., Sheikh, S. et al. (2024). Risk Perceptions and Vulnerability Assessment: Induced from Tropical Cyclone in the Southern Part of Coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 17, 36-49. https://doi.org/10.55706/jae1707
[3]
Allen, T., Behr, J., Bukvic, A., Calder, R. S. D., Caruson, K., Connor, C. et al. (2021). Anticipating and Adapting to the Future Impacts of Climate Change on the Health, Security and Welfare of Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Communities in Southeastern Usa. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9, Article 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111196
[4]
Apodaca, C. (2017). State Repression in Post-Disaster Societies. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268637
[5]
Askari, E., Savari, M., & Rezaei, M. (2025). Application of Construal Level Theory in Identifying Factors Affecting Individual Decision-Making in Implementing Flood Protection Measures in Rural Areas of Iran. Scientific Reports, 15, Article No. 29873. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15847-3
[6]
Baker, L. R., & Cormier, L. A. (2015). Disasters and Vulnerable Populations: Evidence-Based Practice for the Helping Professions. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826198488
[7]
Bangalore, M., Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Rozenberg, J. (2017). Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank Publications.
[8]
Banu, N., & Fazal, S. (2025). Climate Change, Livelihood Crisis and Resilience: An Introduction. In N. Banu, & S. Fazal (Eds.), Livelihoods and Well-Being in the Era of Climate Change (pp. 3-18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81132-6_1
[9]
Bechtel, M. M., & Mannino, M. (2021). Ready When the Big One Comes? Natural Disasters and Mass Support for Preparedness Investment. Political Behavior, 45, 1045-1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09738-2
[10]
Becker, J. S., Paton, D., Johnston, D. M., Ronan, K. R., & McClure, J. (2017). The Role of Prior Experience in Informing and Motivating Earthquake Preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.006
[11]
Bilen, E., L. Sheldon, T., & Zhan, C. (2026). Learning from the Storm: The Impact of Hurricane Experience on Future Disaster Preparedness. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 72, 205-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-026-09483-z
[12]
Bohensky, E. L., & Leitch, A. M. (2014). Framing the Flood: A Media Analysis of Themes of Resilience in the 2011 Brisbane Flood. Regional Environmental Change, 14, 475-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0438-2
[13]
Brezina, T. (2008). What Went Wrong in New Orleans? An Examination of the Welfare Dependency Explanation. Social Problems, 55, 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.23
[14]
Brody, S. D., Zahran, S., Vedlitz, A., & Grover, H. (2008). Examining the Relationship between Physical Vulnerability and Public Perceptions of Global Climate Change in the United States. Environment and Behavior, 40, 72-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506298800
[15]
Brown, P., Daigneault, A. J., Tjernstr？m, E., & Zou, W. (2018). Natural Disasters, Social Protection, and Risk Perceptions. World Development, 104, 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.002
[16]
Brügger, A. (2019). Understanding the Psychological Distance of Climate Change: The Limitations of Construal Level Theory and Suggestions for Alternative Theoretical Perspectives. Global Environmental Change, 60, Article ID: 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102023
[17]
Bukvic, A., Gohlke, J., Borate, A., & Suggs, J. (2018). Aging in Flood-Prone Coastal Areas: Discerning the Health and Well-Being Risk for Older Residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, Article 2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122900
[18]
Bunyan, S., Collins, A., & Duffy, D. (2016). Concern and Helplessness: Citizens’ Assessments of Individual and Collective Action on the Provision of Environmental Public Goods in a Coastal City at Risk of Inundation. Environmental Management, 58, 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0730-2
[19]
Carmi, N., & Kimhi, S. (2015). Further than the Eye Can See: Psychological Distance and Perception of Environmental Threats. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 21, 2239-2257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1046419
[20]
Charak, A., Ravi, K., & Verma, A. (2024). Review of Various Climate Change Exacerbated Natural Hazards in India and Consequential Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities. IDRiM Journal, 13, 142-177. https://doi.org/10.5595/001c.92642
[21]
Choudhury, M., & Haque, C. E. (2024). Disaster Management Policy Changes in Bangladesh: Drivers and Factors of a Shift from Reactive to Proactive Approach. Environmental Policy and Governance, 34, 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2094
[22]
Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2020). Risk or Efficacy? How Psychological Distance Influences Climate Change Engagement. Risk Analysis, 40, 758-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13446
[23]
Collins, A. E. (2009). Disaster and Development. Routledge.
[24]
Cong, Z., Feng, G., & Chen, Z. (2023). Disaster Exposure and Patterns of Disaster Preparedness: A Multilevel Social Vulnerability and Engagement Perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 339, Article ID: 117798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117798
[25]
Daramola, A. Y., Oni, O. T., Ogundele, O., & Adesanya, A. (2016). Adaptive Capacity and Coping Response Strategies to Natural Disasters: A Study in Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 15, 132-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.01.007
[26]
Das, L. C., Mohiul Islam, A. S. M., Aktar, S., & Sultana, F. (2024). Climate Change Challenges in Bangladesh. International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming, 6, Article ID: 2430001. https://doi.org/10.1142/s263053482430001x
[27]
deFur, P. L., Evans, G. W., Hubal, E. A. C., Kyle, A. D., Morello-Frosch, R. A., & Williams, D. R. (2007). Vulnerability as a Function of Individual and Group Resources in Cumulative Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 817-824. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9332
[28]
Di Baldassarre, G., Mondino, E., Rusca, M., Del Giudice, E., M？rd, J., Ridolfi, E. et al. (2021). Multiple Hazards and Risk Perceptions over Time: The Availability Heuristic in Italy and Sweden under COVID-19. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21, 3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3439-2021
[29]
Dobbin, K. B., Fencl, A. L., Pierce, G., Beresford, M., Gonzalez, S., & Jepson, W. (2023). Understanding Perceived Climate Risks to Household Water Supply and Their Implications for Adaptation: Evidence from California. Climatic Change, 176, Article No. 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03517-0
[30]
Donahue, A. K., Eckel, C. C., & Wilson, R. K. (2014). Ready or Not? How Citizens and Public Officials Perceive Risk and Preparedness. The American Review of Public Administration, 44, 89S-111S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074013506517
[31]
Doshi, D., & Garschagen, M. (2024). Actor-Specific Adaptation Objectives Shape Perceived Roles and Responsibilities: Lessons from Mumbai’s Flood Risk Reduction and General Considerations. Regional Environmental Change, 24, Article No. 164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02315-3
[32]
Etongo, D., Bristol, U., Cetoupe, D., Labrosse, J., & Landry, J. (2025). Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Seychelles: Challenges and Proposed Strategies. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 17, a1808. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v17i2.1808
[33]
Fahy, R. F., Proulx, G., & Aiman, L. (2012). Panic or Not in Fire: Clarifying the Misconception. Fire and Materials, 36, 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.1083
[34]
Folkes, V. S. (1988). The Availability Heuristic and Perceived Risk. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1086/209141
[35]
Fritz, L., Baum, C. M., Brutschin, E., Low, S., & Sovacool, B. K. (2024). Climate Beliefs, Climate Technologies and Transformation Pathways: Contextualizing Public Perceptions in 22 Countries. Global Environmental Change, 87, Article ID: 102880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102880
[36]
Gershon, R. R., Portacolone, E., Nwankwo, E. M., Zhi, Q., Qureshi, K. A., & Raveis, V. H. (2016). Psychosocial Influences on Disaster Preparedness in San Francisco Recipients of Home Care. Journal of Urban Health, 94, 606-618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0104-3
[37]
Gittinger, J. L. (2024). American Apocalyptic: Beliefs, Rituals, and Expressions of Doomsday Culture in the US. Springer.
[38]
Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at Risk of Flooding: Why Some Residents Take Precautionary Action While Others Do Not. Natural Hazards, 38, 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6
[39]
Guo, Y., & Li, Y. (2016). Getting Ready for Mega Disasters: The Role of Past Experience in Changing Disaster Consciousness. Disaster Prevention and Management, 25, 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm-01-2016-0008
[40]
Haden, V. R., Niles, M. T., Lubell, M., Perlman, J., & Jackson, L. E. (2012). Global and Local Concerns: What Attitudes and Beliefs Motivate Farmers to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change? PLOS ONE, 7, e52882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882
[41]
Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Rozenberg, J., Bangalore, M., & Beaudet, C. (2020). From Poverty to Disaster and Back: A Review of the Literature. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 4, 223-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00060-5
[42]
Harvey, J. T. (1998). Heuristic Judgment Theory. Journal of Economic Issues, 32, 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1998.11506010
[43]
Hochrainer-Stigler, S., ？aki？ Trogrli？, R., Reiter, K., Ward, P. J., de Ruiter, M. C., Duncan, M. J. et al. (2023). Toward a Framework for Systemic Multi-Hazard and Multi-Risk Assessment and Management. iScience, 26, Article ID: 106736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106736
[44]
Hossain, B., Shi, G., Ajiang, C., Sohel, M. S., & Yijun, L. (2023). Social Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptations Strategies in the Face of Natural Hazards: Insight from Riverine Islands of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 23, Article No. 1737. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16497-8
[45]
Hossain, M. N., Hassan, M. R., Alam, M. D., Mim, S. I., Akter, N., & Khanum, F. (2021). Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Coastal Areas in the Face of Climate Change in Bangladesh: A Literature Review. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 12, 1601-1613.
[46]
Inglehart, R. (1995). Public Support for Environmental Protection: Objective Problems and Subjective Values in 43 Societies. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/420583
[47]
Irshad, S. M. (2024). Disaster Economics. In S. M. Irshad (Ed.), Economics of Disasters and Climate Change (pp. 157-206). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9415-7_4
[48]
Islam, S., Chu, C., & Smart, J. C. R. (2020). Challenges in Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Exploring the Bangladesh Case. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, Article ID: 101540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101540
[49]
Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the Resilient City: Concepts and Strategies for Coping with Climate Change and Environmental Risk. Cities, 31, 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
[50]
Jommi, L. (2025). Addressing Risk Perception through Anthropology: Methodological Pathways into the Cultural Dimensions of Risk. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11, 7-14.
[51]
Jones, C., Hine, D. W., & Marks, A. D. G. (2017). The Future Is Now: Reducing Psychological Distance to Increase Public Engagement with Climate Change. Risk Analysis, 37, 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12601
[52]
Jones, L., & Boyd, E. (2011). Exploring Social Barriers to Adaptation: Insights from Western Nepal. Global Environmental Change, 21, 1262-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.002
[53]
Kalkman, J. P. (2026). Disaster Justice: A Literature Review. Progress in Disaster Science, 29, Article ID: 100533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100533
[54]
Kamel, N. (2012). Social Marginalisation, Federal Assistance and Repopulation Patterns in the New Orleans Metropolitan Area Following Hurricane Katrina. Urban Studies, 49, 3211-3231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011433490
[55]
Karmokar, S., Mohin, M. M., Islam, M. K., Alam, M. R., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Quantitative Vulnerability Assessment: An Approach to Reduce Biases in Disaster Vulnerability Assessment. Current World Environment, 14, 383-399. https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.3.07
[56]
Kasperson, R. E., & Kasperson, J. X. (2012). Climate Change, Vulnerability and Social Justice. In R. E. Kasperson, & J. X. Kasperson (Eds.), Social Contours of Risk (pp. 301-321). Routledge.
[57]
Li, Y., & Howe, P. D. (2023). Universal or Targeted Approaches? An Experiment about Heat Risk Messaging. Natural Hazards, 117, 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05864-8
[58]
Lillywhite, B., & Wolbring, G. (2022). Risk Narrative of Emergency and Disaster Management, Preparedness, and Planning (EDMPP): The Importance of the ‘Social’. Sustainability, 15, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010387
[59]
Lindell, M. K., & Hwang, S. N. (2008). Households’ Perceived Personal Risk and Responses in a Multihazard Environment. Risk Analysis, 28, 539-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01032.x
[60]
Lujala, P., Lein, H., & R？d, J. K. (2014). Climate Change, Natural Hazards, and Risk Perception: The Role of Proximity and Personal Experience. Local Environment, 20, 489-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.887666
[61]
Maiella, R., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Pomarico, E., Di Crosta, A., Palumbo, R. et al. (2020). The Psychological Distance and Climate Change: A Systematic Review on the Mitigation and Adaptation Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 568899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568899
[62]
Mallick, J., Salam, R., Amin, R., Islam, A. R. M. T., Islam, A., Siddik, M. N. A. et al. (2022). Assessing Factors Affecting Drought, Earthquake, and Flood Risk Perception: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 112, 1633-1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05242-w
[63]
Marciano, H., Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. (2024). Resilience and Coping during Protracted Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of General and Evacuees Populations. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 13, Article No. 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-024-00642-8
[64]
McBean, G., & Ajibade, I. (2009). Climate Change, Related Hazards and Human Settlements. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.006
[65]
McDonald, R. I., Chai, H. Y., & Newell, B. R. (2015). Personal Experience and the ‘Psychological Distance’ of Climate Change: An Integrative Review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.10.003
[66]
Miranda Sara, L., Jameson, S., Pfeffer, K., & Baud, I. (2016). Risk Perception: The Social Construction of Spatial Knowledge around Climate Change-Related Scenarios in Lima. Habitat International, 54, 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.12.025
[67]
Mirza, M. M. Q. (2003). Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events: Can Developing Countries Adapt? Climate Policy, 3, 233-248. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2003.0330
[68]
Murtagh, N., Gatersleben, B., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2019). Occupants’ Motivation to Protect Residential Building Stock from Climate-Related Overheating: A Study in Southern England. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.080
[69]
Nawaz, F., & Shah, M. M. N. (2011). Mechanisms and Challenges for Managing Disasters in Bangladesh. African Journal of History and Culture, 3, 104-112.
[70]
Noy, I., & Yonson, R. (2018). Economic Vulnerability and Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Survey of Concepts and Measurements. Sustainability, 10, Article 2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082850
[71]
O’Brien, K., Pelling, M., Patwardhan, A., Hallegatte, S., Maskrey, A., Oki, T. et al. (2012). Toward a Sustainable and Resilient Future. In C. B. Field, V. Barros, & T. F. Stocker (Eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (pp. 437-486). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139177245.011
[72]
Pachur, T., Hertwig, R., & Steinmann, F. (2012). How Do People Judge Risks: Availability Heuristic, Affect Heuristic, or Both? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18, 314-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028279
[73]
Phillips, B. D., Metz, W. C., & Nieves, L. A. (2005). Disaster Threat: Preparedness and Potential Response of the Lowest Income Quartile. Environmental Hazards, 6, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2006.05.001
[74]
Qiu, J., Ravela, S., & Emanuel, K. (2025). From Decades to Years: Rising Seas and Cyclones Amplify Bangladesh’s Storm-Tide Hazards in a Warming Climate. One Earth, 8, Article ID: 101273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101273
[75]
Radianti, J. (2026). Equity or Exclusion? an Alternative Framework to Disaster Risks Assessment Metrics. Progress in Disaster Science, 30, Article ID: 100544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100544
[76]
R？s？nen, A., Heikkinen, K., Piila, N., & Juhola, S. (2019). Zoning and Weighting in Urban Heat Island Vulnerability and Risk Mapping in Helsinki, Finland. Regional Environmental Change, 19, 1481-1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01491-x
[77]
Rentschler, J. E. (2013). Why Resilience Matters—The Poverty Impacts of Disasters? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (6699).
[78]
Rivera, J. D. (2020). The Likelihood of Having a Household Emergency Plan: Understanding Factors in the US Context. Natural Hazards, 104, 1331-1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04217-z
[79]
Roessler, P. (1999). The Individual Agenda-Designing Process: How Interpersonal Communication, Egocentric Networks, and Mass Media Shape the Perception of Political Issues by Individuals. Communication Research, 26, 666-700. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026006002
[80]
Rohini, S., Sannasiraj, S. A., & Sundar, V. (2023). Investigation of Morphodynamic Evolution in a Shelf Region of Bay of Bengal under Extreme Conditions. Natural Hazards, 116, 3043-3062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05797-8
[81]
Sacchi, S., Faccenda, G., & De Michele, C. (2022). Risk Perception and Behavioral Intentions in Facing Compound Climate-Related Hazards. iScience, 26, Article ID: 105787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105787
[82]
？aki？ Trogrli？, R., Reiter, K., Ciurean, R. L., Gottardo, S., Torresan, S., Daloz, A. S. et al. (2024). Challenges in Assessing and Managing Multi-Hazard Risks: A European Stakeholders Perspective. Environmental Science & Policy, 157, Article ID: 103774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103774
[83]
Salam, R., Ghose, B., Shill, B. K., Islam, M. A., Islam, A. R. M. T., Sattar, M. A. et al. (2021). Perceived and Actual Risks of Drought: Household and Expert Views from the Lower Teesta River Basin of Northern Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 108, 2569-2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04789-4
[84]
Saleh Safi, A., James Smith, W., & Liu, Z. (2012). Rural Nevada and Climate Change: Vulnerability, Beliefs, and Risk Perception. Risk Analysis, 32, 1041-1059. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01836.x
[85]
Salman, A. M., & Li, Y. (2018). Flood Risk Assessment, Future Trend Modeling, and Risk Communication: A Review of Ongoing Research. Natural Hazards Review, 19, Article ID: 04018011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000294
[86]
Sambrook, K., Konstantinidis, E., Russell, S., & Okan, Y. (2021). The Role of Personal Experience and Prior Beliefs in Shaping Climate Change Perceptions: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 669911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669911
[87]
Sarker, S., & Adnan, M. S. G. (2024). Evaluating Multi-Hazard Risk Associated with Tropical Cyclones Using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Model. Natural Hazards Research, 4, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2023.11.007
[88]
Scovell, M., McShane, C., Swinbourne, A., & Smith, D. (2022). Rethinking Risk Perception and Its Importance for Explaining Natural Hazard Preparedness Behavior. Risk Analysis, 42, 450-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13780
[89]
Seddig, G. L. M., Ducatti, A. P. S., Cazane, A. L., Cabrini, M. L., de Souza Lima, I. A., & de Brito Júnior, I. (2026). The Role of Prior Disaster Experience in Shaping Risk Perception and Preparedness in Brazil. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 17, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-026-00699-w
[90]
Shreve, C., Begg, C., Fordham, M., & Müller, A. (2016). Operationalizing Risk Perception and Preparedness Behavior Research for a Multi-Hazard Context. Environmental Hazards, 15, 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2016.1176887
[91]
Singh, A. S., Zwickle, A., Bruskotter, J. T., & Wilson, R. (2017). The Perceived Psychological Distance of Climate Change Impacts and Its Influence on Support for Adaptation Policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 73, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.011
[92]
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16, 282-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
[93]
Souza, J. C., Pettengill, E. C., & Pettengill, C. A. (2020). Psychosocial Aspects of Quarantine, Social Isolation and Social Distance. Psychology, 11, 1200-1214. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2020.118080
[94]
Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2011). The Psychological Distance of Climate Change. Risk Analysis, 32, 957-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
[95]
Stancu, A., Ariccio, S., De Dominicis, S., Cancellieri, U. G., Petruccelli, I., Ilin, C. et al. (2020). The Better the Bond, the Better We Cope. The Effects of Place Attachment Intensity and Place Attachment Styles on the Link between Perception of Risk and Emotional and Behavioral Coping. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, Article ID: 101771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101771
[96]
Stern, P. C., Kalof, L., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values, Beliefs, and Proenvironmental Action: Attitude Formation toward Emergent Attitude Objects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1611-1636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02636.x
[97]
Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Fra.Paleo, U., Garschagen, M., Estrella, M., Renaud, F. G., & Jaboyedoff, M. (2014). Opportunities, Incentives and Challenges to Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning: Lessons from Nepal, Spain and Vietnam. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.009
[98]
Tang, Y., & Chooi, W. (2022). From Concern to Action: The Role of Psychological Distance in Attitude towards Environmental Issues. Current Psychology, 42, 26570-26586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03774-9
[99]
Tanner, A., & árvai, J. (2018). Perceptions of Risk and Vulnerability Following Exposure to a Major Natural Disaster: The Calgary Flood of 2013. Risk Analysis, 38, 548-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12851
[100]
Thomas, K., Hardy, R. D., Lazrus, H., Mendez, M., Orlove, B., Rivera-Collazo, I. et al. (2019). Explaining Differential Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Social Science Review. WIREs Climate Change, 10, e565. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.565
[101]
Tobin, G. (1999). Sustainability and Community Resilience: The Holy Grail of Hazards Planning? Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 1, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2867(99)00002-9
[102]
Vallance, S., & Carlton, S. (2015). First to Respond, Last to Leave: Communities’ Roles and Resilience across the ‘4Rs’. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.010
[103]
van der Linden, S., Maibach, E., & Leiserowitz, A. (2015). Improving Public Engagement with Climate Change: Five “Best Practice” Insights from Psychological Science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 758-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598516
[104]
van Valkengoed, A. M., Steg, L., & Perlaviciute, G. (2023). The Psychological Distance of Climate Change Is Overestimated. One Earth, 6, 362-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.006
[105]
Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C., & Kuhlicke, C. (2013). The Risk Perception Paradox—Implications for Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards. Risk Analysis, 33, 1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x
[106]
Wandersman, A. H., & Hallman, W. K. (1993). Are People Acting Irrationally? Understanding Public Concerns about Environmental Threats. American Psychologist, 48, 681-686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.48.6.681
[107]
Wang, S., Hurlstone, M. J., Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Lawrence, C. (2021). Construal-Level Theory and Psychological Distancing: Implications for Grand Environmental Challenges. One Earth, 4, 482-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.03.009
[108]
Wang, S., Hurlstone, M. J., Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Climate Change from a Distance: An Analysis of Construal Level and Psychological Distance from Climate Change. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00230
[109]
Wang, W., Zhu, X., Lu, P., Zhao, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhang, S. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Public Opinion on Urban Flooding: Case Study of the 7.20 Henan Extreme Flood Event. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 100, Article ID: 104175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104175
[110]
Ward, P. J., Buijs, S. L., Ciurean, R., Claassen, J. N., Daniell, J., De Polt, K. et al. (2026). Reducing Risk Together: Moving towards a More Holistic Approach to Multi-Hazard and Multi-Risk Assessment and Management. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 26, 1325-1345. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-1325-2026
[111]
Ward, T. (2017). Prediction and Agency: The Role of Protective Factors in Correctional Rehabilitation and Desistance. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.11.012
[112]
Weber, E. U. (2006). Experience-Based and Description-Based Perceptions of Long-Term Risk: Why Global Warming Does Not Scare Us (Yet). Climatic Change, 77, 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9060-3
[113]
Weber, E. U. (2015). What Shapes Perceptions of Climate Change? New Research Since 2010. WIREs Climate Change, 7, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.377
[114]
Whitmarsh, L. (2008). Are Flood Victims More Concerned about Climate Change than Other People? The Role of Direct Experience in Risk Perception and Behavioural Response. Journal of Risk Research, 11, 351-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870701552235
[115]
Whittaker, S., Khalfan, M. M. A., & UlHaq, I. (2020). Developing Community Disaster Resilience through Preparedness. International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 16, 53-76. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijcis.2020.105411
[116]
Wisner, B., Alcántara-Ayala, I., Gaillard, J., Kelman, I., & Marchezini, V. (2025). Understanding and Addressing Disaster Risk. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003292814
[117]
Zaalberg, R., Midden, C., Meijnders, A., & McCalley, T. (2009). Prevention, Adaptation, and Threat Denial: Flooding Experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis, 29, 1759-1778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01316.x
[118]
Zaman, T., Tahsin, K. T., Rousseau Rozario, S., Kamal, A. B., Khan, M. R., Huq, S. et al. (2022). An Overview of Disaster Risk Reduction and Anticipatory Action in Bangladesh. Frontiers in Climate, 4, Article 944736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.944736
