Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate, through scientific evidence, the contribution of laser treatment as an adjunct to periodontal therapy to short-term clinical outcomes, with follow-up periods of up to six months. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, including all publications from January 2020 to September 2024 across three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria or that met any exclusion criteria were excluded. Results: Three studies showed a significant difference in periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss (CAL) between the test group (treated with the diode laser) and the control group (P < 0.005). However, four studies showed that patients treated with a combination of initial periodontal treatment and photodynamic therapy had a reduction in bacterial recolonization of the periodontal pockets within the same group before periodontal treatment and at the end of treatment after the addition of the diode laser therapy. These studies did not prove any significant difference between the test and control groups. Conclusions: The evaluation of the contribution of the laser diode adjonction to periodontal treatment in this systematic review presented certain limitations. These limitations were related to the use of different therapeutic protocols, the parameters assessed after treatment differ between studies, and the short follow-up periods of patients after treatment. Therefore, the available evidence allows conclusions to be drawn only regarding short-term outcomes and does not permit assessment of long-term stability. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to evaluate the durability of the observed treatment outcomes.
References
[1]
Karthikeyan, J., Vijayalakshmi, R., Mahendra, J., Kanakamedala, A.K., Chellathurai, B.N.K., Selvarajan, S., <i>et al</i>. (2019) Diode Laser as an Adjunct to Kirkland Flap Surgery—A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical and Microbiological Study. <i>Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery</i>, 37, 99-109. <br>https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2018.4519
[2]
Sanz, M., Herrera, D., Kebschull, M., Chapple, I., Jepsen, S., Berglundh, T., <i>et al</i>. (2020) Treatment of Stage I-III Periodontitis—The EFP S3 Level Clinical Practice Guideline. <i>Journal of Clinical Periodontology</i>, 47, 4-60. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13290
[3]
Coluzzi, D., Anagnostaki, E., Mylona, V., Parker, S. and Lynch, E. (2020) Do Lasers Have an Adjunctive Role in Initial Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy? A Systematic Review. <i>Dentistry Journal</i>, 8, Article 93. <br>https://doi.org/10.3390/dj8030093
[4]
Jiang, Y., Feng, J., Du, J., Fu, J., Liu, Y., Guo, L., <i>et al</i>. (2022) Clinical and Biochemical Effect of Laser as an Adjunct to Non‐Surgical Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis. <i>Oral Diseases</i>, 28, 1042-1057. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13847
[5]
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D.G. (2009) Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. <i>PLOS Medicine</i>, 6, e1000097. <br>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
[6]
El Mobadder, M., Nammour, S., Namour, M., Namour, A. and Grzech-Leśniak, K. (2022) Disinfection Potential of 980 Nm Diode Laser and Hydrogen Peroxide (3%) in “Critical Probing Depths” Periodontal Pockets: Retrospective Study. <i>Life</i>, 12, Article 370. <br>https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030370
[7]
Yang, C., Wang, X. and Wang, Y. (2022) Effect of Diode Laser Combined with Minocycline Hydrochloride in Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. <i>BMC Oral Health</i>, 22, Article No. 71. <br>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02106-4
[8]
Anwar, S.K., Hafez, A.M. and Roshdy, Y.S. (2024) Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of Intra-Pocket Application of Diode Laser in Grade C Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. <i>BMC Oral Health</i>, 24, Article No. 270. <br>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04031-0
[9]
Derikvand, N., Ghasemi, S.S., Safiaghdam, H., Piriaei, H. and Chiniforush, N. (2020) Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Diode Laser and Methylene Blue as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planning: A Clinical Trial. <i>Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy</i>, 31, Article ID: 101818. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101818
[10]
Lu, J.W., Huang, S.H., Lei, X.X., Deng, L. and Luo, L.J. (2023) Clinical Outcomes of Diode Laser as an Adjunct to Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy for Residual Periodontal Pockets in Mandibular Second Molars—A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. <i>Clinical Oral Investigations</i>, 27, 4493-4501. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-05071-6
[11]
Niazi, F.H., Noushad, M., Tanvir, S.B., Ali, S., Al-Khalifa, K.S., Qamar, Z., <i>et al</i>. (2020) Antimicrobial Efficacy of Indocyanine Green-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Compared with Salvadora Persica Gel Application in the Treatment of Moderate and Deep Pockets in Periodontitis. <i>Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy</i>, 29, Article ID: 101665. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101665
[12]
Gottumukkala, S.N., Veluri, S.V., Penmetsa, G.S., KSV, R., Pasupuleti, M.K., Gera, D., <i>et al</i>. (2024) Comparative Evaluation of Indocyanine Green and 810nm Diode Laser Assisted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with 810nm Diode Laser Assisted New Attachment Procedure as Adjuncts to Scaling and Root Planning in Supportive Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Split-Mouth Clinical Trial. <i>Dentistry </i>3000, 12, a001. <br>https://doi.org/10.5195/d3000.2024.392
[13]
El Sharaki, A. (2024) Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy versus Antibiotic Therapy as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Treatment in Managing Periodontitis (Stage II, Grade B). <i>Al</i>-<i>Azhar Assiut Dental Journal</i>, 7, 19-27. <br>https://doi.org/10.21608/aadj.2024.355431
[14]
Poormoradi, B., Rabinezhad, N., Mohamadpour, L., Kazemi, M. and Farhadian, M. (2024) Evaluating the Effects of Diode Laser 940 nm Adjunctive to Conventional Scaling and Root Planning for Gingival Sulcus Disinfection in Chronic Periodontitis Patients. <i>Avicenna Journal of Dental Research</i>, 16, 35-41. <br>https://doi.org/10.34172/ajdr.1778
[15]
Kamble, T.A., Deshpande, N.C., Shah, M., Jha, R. and Shah, A. (2024) Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Diode Laser and Systemic Doxycycline as an Additive to Scaling and Root Planing for Stage II and Stage III Periodontitis Patients. <i>Cureus</i>, 16, e56509. <br>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56509
[16]
Singh, A. and Jaiswal, G.R. (2024) Evaluation of Laser Assisted and Conventional Open Flap Debridement Procedure in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis—A Clinical and Microbiological Study. <i>African Journal of Biological Sciences</i>, 6, 6161-6181.
[17]
Alghafri, M., Fadhul, I., Shah, M., Hakam, A., Tawse-Smith, A., Alsabeeha, N.H.M., <i>et al</i>. (2024) Diode Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment for Periodontitis: Arandomized Controlled Trial. <i>International Journal of Dental Hygiene</i>, 22, 959-970. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12809
[18]
Elmeligy, S.M.A., Saleh, W., Elewa, G.M., Abu El-Ezz, H.Z., Mahmoud, N.M. and Elmeadawy, S. (2024) The Efficacy of Diode Laser and Subgingival Air Polishing with Erythritol in Treatment of Periodontitis (Clinical and Microbiological Study). <i>BMC Oral Health</i>, 24, Article No. 763. <br>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04481-6
[19]
Seyed-Monir, A., Seyed-Monir, E. and Mihandoust, S. (2023) Evaluation of 940-Nm Diode Laser Effectiveness on Pocket Depth, Clinical Attachment Level, and Bleeding on Probing in Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Single-Masked Split-Mouth Study. <i>Dental Research Journal</i>, 20, Article 113. <br>https://doi.org/10.4103/drj.drj_751_22
[20]
El Mobadder, M., Nammour, S. and Grzech-Leśniak, K. (2023) Photodynamic Therapy with Tolonium Chloride and a Diode Laser (635 nm) in the Non-Surgical Management of Periodontitis: A Clinical Study. <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>, 12, Article 5270. <br>https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165270
[21]
El Mobadder, M., Nammour, S., Matys, J. and Grzech-Leśniak, K. (2022) Sodium Hypochlorite and Diode Laser in Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: Clinical and Bacteriological Study with Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). <i>Life</i>, 12, Article 1637. <br>https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101637
[22]
Mokhtari, M.R., Ahrari, F., Dokouhaki, S., Fallahrastegar, A. and Ghasemzadeh, A. (2021) Effectiveness of an 810-Nm Diode Laser in Addition to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Single-Blind Clinical Trial. <i>Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences</i>, 12, e37. <br>https://doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2021.37
[23]
Mulder-van Staden, S., Holmes, H. and Hille, J. (2020) <i>In Vivo</i> Investigation of Diode Laser Application on Red Complex Bacteria in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Split-Mouth Randomised Control Trial. <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 10, Article No. 21311. <br>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78435-7
