Business continuity planning (BCP) has emerged as a critical organizational capability for navigating increasingly complex and interconnected disaster scenarios. This qualitative study examines the effectiveness of BCP strategies when organizations face overlapping or sequential multi-hazard environments, including compound disasters such as pandemic-natural disaster combinations, cyber-attacks concurrent with supply chain disruptions, and cascading infrastructure failures. Drawing on thematic analysis of 90 recent scholarly works (2022-2026) encompassing case studies, semi-structured interviews, and qualitative frameworks across diverse sectors and geographic contexts, this research identifies five major themes that characterize effective BCP in multi-hazard contexts: 1) Adaptive BCP Frameworks and Flexibility, 2) Leadership, Governance, and Decision-Making Structures, 3) Communication and Information Flow Systems, 4) Inter-organizational Collaboration and Cross-Sector Coordination, and 5) Training, Preparedness Culture, and Organizational Learning. Findings reveal that traditional single-hazard BCP approaches prove inadequate when confronting compound disasters, necessitating dynamic capabilities, scenario-based planning for multiple simultaneous threats, and enhanced organizational resilience through continuous learning mechanisms. The study demonstrates that effective multi-hazard BCP requires moving beyond rigid, plan-centric approaches toward adaptive, capability-based systems that integrate risk sensing, strategic agility, and transformative organizational routines. Practical implications include recommendations for impact-based BCP development, enhanced cross-functional coordination, investment in digital infrastructure for crisis communication, and institutionalization of preparedness culture through regular training and simulation exercises. This research contributes to disaster management and organizational resilience literature by providing an integrated qualitative framework for understanding BCP effectiveness in increasingly complex hazard landscapes.
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