Coastal freshening and warming may modify the bioavailability and biological effects of persistent contaminants. This study examined how salinity and temperature affected cadmium (Cd) accumulation and Cd-related growth impairment in the haptophyte Diacronemalutheri. In a 21-day experiment, cultures at 15 or 35 PSU were exposed to 0 or 60 μg·L？1 Cd, and cell-density trajectories were analysed using mixed-design repeated-measures analysis of variance. Cadmium accumulation was also followed for seven days in Cd-exposed cultures at both salinities. Separate 72-h experiments quantified Cd accumulation across salinities of 15, 25 and 35 PSU or temperatures of 18？C, 25？C and 35？C at nominal Cd concentrations of 36, 120, 600 and 1200 μg·L？1. In the growth experiment, salinity and Cd significantly affected cell density (both P < 0.001), although the salinity × Cd × day interaction was not significant. Within Cd-exposed cultures, cell density was significantly lower at 15 PSU than at 35 PSU, and growth trajectories differed between salinities (salinity × day, P = 0.007). Seven-day Cd accumulation was greater at 15 PSU (P < 0.001), with a significant salinity × day interaction (P = 0.003). In the 72-h experiments, Cd accumulation increased with exposure concentration and was modified by salinity (salinity × Cd concentration, P < 0.001) and temperature (temperature × Cd concentration, P = 0.010). Reduced salinity strongly enhanced Cd accumulation, while elevated temperature modified short-term Cd accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Reduced salinity and Cd exposure independently affected algal growth, but a salinity-dependent increase in Cd-specific growth toxicity was not statistically demonstrated. Climate-related coastal freshening and warming may therefore modify Cd accumulation and exposure risk in marine microalgae.
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