Cottonseed oil is one of the most widely consumed oils in Burkina Faso. Its production evolved from small-scale to industrial production to offer a high-quality refined oil. However, if the refining process is not well controlled, the oil could present a danger to consumers. Therefore, control of the health quality of these oils is necessary. This study was therefore undertaken, and its objective was to evaluate the health quality of cottonseed oils produced in the industrial zones of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, in Burkina Faso. The analyses focused on chemical contaminants and physicochemical quality. The gossypol content was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and standard methods ISO 3960 and ISO 660 were used to evaluate peroxide value and acid index, respectively. As for chemical contaminants, they were evaluated according to the QuEChERS NF 15662 method for pesticides and by flame atomic absorption for metallic trace elements. The results show an average acid index of 0.23 mg KOH/g, in line with standards, and a peroxide value above the limit in 18.75% of samples, with an average of 7.01 meqO2/Kg. None of the samples contained gossypol, pesticides, lead, or cadmium, thus complying with current health quality standards.
References
[1]
Trentinaglia, M.T., Baldi, L. and Peri, M. (2023) Supporting Agriculture in Developing Countries: New Insights on the Impact of Official Development Assistance Using a Climate Perspective. Agricultural and Food Economics, 11, Article No. 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-023-00282-7
[2]
Kumar, M., Zhang, B., Potkule, J., Sharma, K., Radha, Hano, C., et al. (2023) Cottonseed Oil: Extraction, Characterization, Health Benefits, Safety Profile, and Application. Food Analytical Methods, 16, 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02410-3
[3]
PCI Burkina (2021) Identification de sources alternatives d’approvisionnement en graine de coton au Burkina Faso. https://www.huileriesburkina.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Rapport-final_-sources-alternatives-_-Appro-graine-de-coton_-PACAO_VF.pdf
[4]
Pages, X., Morin, O., Birot, C., Gaud, M., Fazeuilh, S. and Gouband, M. (2010) Raffinage des huiles et des corps gras et élimination des contaminants. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, 17, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2010.0302
[5]
Muhammad, R., Ahad, K. and Mehboob, F. (2020) Extraction Techniques for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Edible Oils and Role of Sorbents in Cleanup. Separation Science PLUS, 3, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/sscp.201900066
[6]
Ogabiela, E.E., Yebpella, G.G., Ade-Ajayi, A.F., Mmereole, U.J., Ezeayanaso, C., Okonkwo, E.M., et al. (2010) Determination of the Level of Some Elements in Edible Oils Sold in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 16, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v16i3.62860
[7]
Hassan, M.I., Abdulmumin, Y., Abdulmumin, T.M., Murtala, M., Muhammad, A.I., Anas, H.U., et al. (2022) Physico-Chemical and GC-MS Analysis of Gossypium Hirsutum (Cotton Seed) Oil. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 25, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330293
[8]
Hamm, W., Hamilton, R.J. and Calliauw, G. (2000) Edible Oil Processing. Sheffield Academic Press.
[9]
Hron, R.J., Kuk, M.S. and Abraham, G. (1990) Determination of Free and Total Gossypol by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 67, 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02539622
[10]
Yabe, Y., Tan, S., Ninomiya, T. and Okada, T. (1984) Determination of Gossypol in Edible Cottonseed Oil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (ShokuhinEiseigakuZasshi), 25, 264-267. https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.25.264
[11]
Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Yasin, A. and Zhang, L. (2019) Investigating Stability and Tautomerization of Gossypol—A Spectroscopy Study. Molecules, 24, Article 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071286
[12]
Singh, M.K., Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Kumar, P.S., Selvakumar, P. and Chourasia, A. (2022) Effects of Repeated Deep Frying on Refractive Index and Peroxide Value of Selected Vegetable Oils. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9, 28-31. https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.9.3.6
[13]
Diakite, K., Diagouraga, S., Diawara, M. and Fane, M. (2022) Etude des paramètres physico-chimiques des huiles de graine de coton produites en zone CMDT au Mali. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 16, 1320-1330. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.33
[14]
Kaboré, K., Konaté, K., Sama, H., Dakuyo, R., Sanou, A., Bazié, D., et al. (2022) Evaluation of the Physicochemical Parameters of Edible Oils Sold in the Three Cities of Burkina Faso. Food Science & Nutrition, 10, 2029-2035. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2819
[15]
Yin, H., Xu, L. and Porter, N.A. (2011) Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chemical Reviews, 111, 5944-5972. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200084z
[16]
A？ssi, M., Mohamed, S., Tchobo, F.P. and Kiki, D. (2009) Etude comparative de la qualité des huiles végétales alimentaires raffinées en usage au Bénin. Bulletin d’Informations de la Société Ouest Africaine de Chimie, No. 6, 25-37.
[17]
Combe, N. and Rossignol-Castera, A. (2010) Huiles végétales et friture. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, 45, S44-S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-9960(10)70007-9
[18]
Shahidi, F. (2005) Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley.
[19]
Dinda, S., Patwardhan, A.V., Goud, V.V. and Pradhan, N.C. (2008) Epoxidation of Cottonseed Oil by Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysed by Liquid Inorganic Acids. Bioresource Technology, 99, 3737-3744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.015
[20]
Tao, Z. and Wang, Y. (2024) The Health Benefits of Dietary Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic Diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 65, 1579-1592. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2297811
[21]
Wolff, J.P. (1968) Manuel d’analyse des corps gras. Azoulay.
[22]
Diawara, M., Diakite, K., Tounkara, S.M., Fane, M., Diagouraga, S. and Dicko, Y.Y. (2022) Qualité de l’huile de coton des petites unités de production au Mali. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 16, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i1.22
[23]
Hamilton, K.A., Pyla, P.D., Breeze, M., Olson, T., Li, M., Robinson, E., et al. (2004) Bollgard II Cotton: Compositional Analysis and Feeding Studies of Cottonseed from Insect-Protected Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Producing the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 Proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 6969-6976. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030727h
[24]
Yang, A., Qi, M., Wang, X., Wang, S., Sun, L., Qi, D., et al. (2019) Refined Cottonseed Oil as a Replacement for Soybean Oil in Broiler Diet. Food Science & Nutrition, 7, 1027-1034. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.933
[25]
Soares Neto, C.B., Concei？？o, A.A., Gomes, T.G., de Aquino Ribeiro, J.A., Campanha, R.B., Barroso, P.A.V., et al. (2021) A Comparison of Physical, Chemical, Biological and Combined Treatments for Detoxification of Free Gossypol in Crushed Whole Cottonseed. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12, 3965-3975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01290-0
[26]
Ghazani, S.M. and Marangoni, A.G. (2016) Healthy Fats and Oils. In: Smithers, G., Ed., Reference Module in Food Science, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.00100-1
[27]
De Kock, J., De Greyt, W., Gibon, V. and Kellens, M. (2005) Développements récents en matières de raffinage et de modifications: élimination des contaminants dans les huiles alimentaires et réduction du taux d’acides grastrans. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, 12, 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2005.0378
[28]
Zio, S., Cisse, H., Zongo, O., Guira, F., Tapsoba, F., Siourime Somda, N., et al. (2020) The Oils Refining Process and Contaminants in Edible Oils: A Review. Journal of Food Technology Research, 7, 9-47. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.58.2020.71.9.47
[29]
Hashimi, M.H., Hashimi, R. and Ryan, Q. (2020) Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Humans, Plants, Animals, Pollinators and Beneficial Organisms. Asian Plant Research Journal, 5, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2020/v5i430114
[30]
Mendil, D., Ulu？zlü, ？.D., Tüzen, M. and Soylak, M. (2009) Investigation of the Levels of Some Element in Edible Oil Samples Produced in Türkiye by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165, 724-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.046
[31]
Ansari, R., Kazi, T.G., Jamali, M.K., Arain, M.B., Sherazi, S.T., Jalbani, N., et al. (2008) Improved Extraction Method for the Determination of Iron, Copper, and Nickel in New Varieties of Sunflower Oil by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Journal of AOAC International, 91, 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.2.400
[32]
González-Torres, P., Puentes, J.G., Moya, A.J. and La Rubia, M.D. (2023) Comparative Study of the Presence of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetable Oils. Applied Sciences, 13, Article 3020. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053020
