Landslides are major natural hazards in mountainous regions, frequently triggered by earthquakes and causing significant vegetation loss and long-term ecological degradation. This study evaluates the impact of the 2018 earthquake-triggered landslides on vegetation dynamics in Mount Rinjani National Park (MRNP), Indonesia, using multi-temporal Landsat 8 and 9 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from April 2018 to February 2026. NDVI values were extracted from two landslide-affected sites, the Central Rinjani site and the East Rinjani site, to analyze vegetation degradation and recovery across growing and non-growing seasons. A total of 341 statistically significant correlations were identified before multiple-comparison correction, with 281 retained after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment (q < 0.05). Results indicate a pronounced decline in NDVI during the 2018-2019 disturbance period, followed by a gradual recovery. The Central Rinjani site exhibited positive but statistically non-significant recovery trends (+0.0041 NDVI·yr-1 growing season; +0.0036 NDVI·yr-1 non-growing season), while the East Rinjani site showed higher growing-season NDVI (mean = 0.592 vs. 0.540), likely due to more favourable local moisture conditions. Pre-disturbance NDVI was positively associated with recovery trajectories, indicating its value as a predictor of post-disturbance regeneration. However, NDVI values remained below pre-disturbance levels by February 2026, suggesting incomplete ecological recovery. These findings highlight the effectiveness of Landsat NDVI for monitoring post-landslide vegetation dynamics and underscore the need for continued long-term observation.
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