With the opening of the electricity retail market and the surge in the number of prosumers, distributed energy trading is playing an increasingly prominent role in the electricity market. To address the challenges posed by photovoltaic (PV) output uncertainty and to optimize resource allocation while reducing energy waste, this paper proposes a two-stage bi-level hybrid game model based on blockchain technology. In the first stage, leveraging blockchain technology, the microgrid operator (MGO) monitors the production and consumption of the prosumer cluster and establishes revenue models for both entities. The distributionally robust optimization (DRO) method based on the Wasserstein distance is employed to handle the uncertainty of PV output. Subsequently, the MGO and the shared energy storage operator (SESO) form a virtual power plant (VPP) alliance to enhance overall benefits and optimize system electricity consumption behavior, and based on the blockchain trading platform, a Stackelberg game is conducted between the upper-level alliance and the lower-level prosumer cluster to determine trading and dispatch strategies. In the second stage, internal benefits within the alliance are distributed via Nash bargaining. Numerical simulation results ultimately demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively maximize the benefits for all three parties and optimize system energy dispatch, verifying its correctness and effectiveness.
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