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从电子电离到原位电离：质谱技术在化学反应在线监控中的应用进展
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Abstract:
目前质谱技术已成为化学反应在线监测的关键手段，传统方法常因采样延迟、前处理复杂及添加额外有机溶剂对反应体系的干扰，获取的反应机制难以反映真实的反应过程；而现代质谱技术借助多样化的电离方式，实现了从高真空到常压、从溶液到固体表面、从微量到宏观体系的原位、实时与无干扰监测。各类电离技术如电子电离(EI)、常压化学电离(APCI)、电喷雾电离(ESI)等，共同构成了适应不同反应类型的分析平台。它们不仅能够实现对反应物、中间体与产物的连续追踪，还能在近乎自然的反应条件下揭示反应路径与机理，广泛应用于催化、有机合成、生物转化、环境降解等领域。未来，该技术将进一步向更高时空分辨率、智能联用等方向发展。
Mass spectrometry has become a key analytical tool for the online monitoring of chemical reactions. Conventional approaches often suffer from sampling delays, labor-intensive pretreatment procedures, and perturbations to the reaction system caused by the introduction of additional organic solvents, making it difficult to obtain the true chemical reaction mechanism. In contrast, modern mass spectrometric techniques, enabled by diverse ionization strategies, allow in situ, real-time, and minimally invasive monitoring across a wide range of conditions, spanning from high vacuum to atmospheric pressure, from solutions to solid surfaces, and from trace amounts to macroscopic systems. Ionization methods such as electron ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) collectively constitute versatile analytical platforms adaptable to different reaction types. These techniques enable continuous tracking of reactants, intermediates, and products, while revealing reaction pathways and mechanisms under near-native reaction conditions. As a result, mass spectrometry has been widely applied in catalysis, organic synthesis, biotransformation, and environmental degradation studies. Looking forward, further advances are expected toward higher spatiotemporal resolution and intelligent hybrid analytical systems.
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