Gambling in Senegal: Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Risk Factors in an International Perspective

Background and Aims: Gambling-related disorders are increasingly recognized as a public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where regulatory frameworks remain limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and severity of gambling-related problems among gamblers in Senegal. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to May 30, 2023, across the entire territory of Senegal. A multistage sampling strategy was used, involving the selection of 20 districts, three gambling venues per district, and ten gamblers per venue. Gambling-related problems were assessed using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI). Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using KoboToolbox and analyzed with Epi Info, R, and SPSS. Results: A total of 813 gamblers were included, of whom 97.2% were male. The mean age was 42.8 ± 15.3 years old. Severe gambling dependence was observed in 59.3% of participants, while 29.0% were classified as moderate-risk gamblers. PMU betting and sports betting were the most frequently practiced gambling activities. Nearly half of the participants reported psychoactive substance use, predominantly tobacco. Virtual gambling emerged as a major factor associated with excessive gambling behavior. Conclusions: The prevalence of problem gambling among gamblers in Senegal is markedly higher than that reported in Western countries. These findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen regulatory measures, develop national prevention programs, and integrate the management of gambling disorders into public health policies.