To investigate the antibacterial activity of severe plastically deformed pure Cu by high-pressure torsion (HPT), the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which might be the main origin of antibacterial activity of Cu, Cu disc (1.00 × 10？2 m in diameter, 1.0 × 10？3 m thick) has been evaluated using chemiluminescence (CL) with the luminol solution; HPT processes were performed under various torsion turns, 0, 1/4, 1, 3 and 10 turns under uniaxial pressure of 6.0 GPa and rotating speed of 1.667/s (1.0 rpm) at room temperature. Cu disc which was HPT-processed with the 1/4 turn, simply denoted as HPT1/4 Cu disc, showed the highest summation of CL intensity, ΣCL, among those of other HPTed discs, and this value was 2.7 times higher than that of as-obtained disc. Furthermore, HPT1/4 disc heated at 523 K (250？C) in a vacuum (2 × 10？3 Pa) for 1.8 × 103 s (30 min) brought much higher ΣCL value, about 35 times of as-obtained disc. Then, the components of ROS generated were investigated using the combination of luminol + scavengers corresponding to each ROS. About 45% of ROS were strong antibacterial active hydroxy radical ·OH and hydrogen peroxide H2O2.
References
[1]
ASM Handbook (2005) Forging of Copper and Copper Alloys. In: Semiatin, S.L., Ed., Metalworking: Bulk Forming, ASM International, 313-317. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003997
[2]
Lee, I., Bhatta, L., Wu, Y., Daut, L., Figueiredo, R.B., Liss, K., et al. (2023) The Cold Angular Rolling Process of Copper Sheets: Unraveling Plastic Deformation Behavior and Unveiling Microstructural Transformations. AdvancedEngineeringMaterials, 26, Article ID: 2300742. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202300742
[3]
(2025) Copper Stamping Process and Applications. https://www.worthyhardware.com/
[4]
Segalina, F. and De Chiffre, L. (2017) Material Testing of Copper by Extrusion-cutting. ProcediaCIRP, 58, 375-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.240
[5]
(2018) Copper in the Arts. Copper Development Association Inc.
[6]
Shiramoto, K., Mori, A., Watanabe, T. and Hisanabe, K. (2012) Explosive Forming Techniques for Making a Copper Plate Relief. Science and Technology of Energetic Materials, 73, 104-108.
[7]
Collini, L. (2012) Copper Alloys—Early Applications and Current Performance—Enhancing Processes. IntechOpen.
[8]
Azushima, A., Kopp, R., Korhonen, A., Yang, D.Y., Micari, F., Lahoti, G.D., et al. (2008) Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Processes for Metals. CIRPAnnals, 57, 716-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2008.09.005
[9]
Edalati, K., Fujioka, T. and Horita, Z. (2008) Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pure Cu Processed by High-Pressure Torsion. MaterialsScienceandEngineering: A, 497, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.06.039
[10]
Edalati, K., Imamura, K., Kiss, T. and Horita, Z. (2012) Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and High-Pressure Torsion of Pure Copper: Evolution of Electrical Conductivity and Hardness with Strain. MaterialsTransactions, 53, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.md201109
[11]
Ikoma, Y., Matsuda, K., Yoshida, K., Takaira, M. and Kohno, M. (2022) Electric, Thermal, and Optical Properties of Severely Deformed Si Processed by High-Pressure Torsion. JournalofAppliedPhysics, 132, Article ID: 215101. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122826
[12]
Fujioka, T. and Horita, Z. (2009) Development of High-Pressure Sliding Process for Microstructural Refinement of Rectangular Metallic Sheets. MaterialsTransactions, 50, 930-933. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mrp2008445
[13]
Edalati, K. and Horita, Z. (2016) A Review on High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) from 1935 to 1988. MaterialsScienceandEngineering: A, 652, 325-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.074
[14]
Torkestani, A. and Dashtbayazi, M.R. (2018) A New Method for Severe Plastic Deformation of the Copper Sheets. MaterialsScienceandEngineering: A, 737, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.054
[15]
Rijal, A., Singh, S.P., Han, J., Kawasaki, M. and Kumar, P. (2019) Effect of High-Pressure Torsion on Hardness and Electrical Resistivity of Commercially Pure Cu. AdvancedEngineeringMaterials, 22, Article ID: 1900547. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900547
[16]
Hirota, K., Sugimoto, M., Kato, M., Tsukagoshi, K., Tanigawa, T. and Sugimoto, H. (2010) Preparation of Zinc Oxide Ceramics with a Sustainable Antibacterial Activity under Dark Conditions. CeramicsInternational, 36, 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.026
[17]
Nguyen, T.M.P., Lemaitre, P., Kato, M., Hirota, K., Tsukagoshi, K., Yamada, H., et al. (2021) Preparation of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Powders Submitting Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) under Dark Conditions. MaterialsSciencesandApplications, 12, 89-110. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2021.122006
[18]
Hirota, K., Tanaka, H., Maeda, T., Tsukagoshi, K., Kawakami, H., Ozawa, T., et al. (2023) Evaluation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generated on the Surface of Copper Using Chemiluminesence. MaterialsSciencesandApplications, 14, 482-499. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2023.1410032
[19]
Wikipedia (2025) Free Encyclopedia, “Antimicrobial Properties of Copper”.
[20]
Hirota, K., Jinzenji, A., Tsukagoshi, K., Taniguchi, Y., Kawakami, H., Ozawa, T., et al. (2023) Antibacterial Activity of Anatase TiO2 Added Cu Powder. JournaloftheJapanSocietyofPowderandPowderMetallurgy, 70, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.70.121
[21]
Honkanen, M., Vippola, M. and Lepistö, T. (2008) Oxidation of Copper Alloys Studied by Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy Cross-Sectional Specimens. JournalofMaterialsResearch, 23, 1350-1357. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0160
[22]
Hirota, K., Maeda, T., Tsukagoshi, K., Taniguchi, Y., Kawakami, H., Ozawa, T., et al. (2025) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generated on the Surface of (100)-Plane Grain-Oriented Copper Thin-Film. MaterialsSciencesandApplications, 16, 27-45. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2025.161003
The Chemical Society of Japan (2021) Handbook of Chemistry: Pure Chemistry. 6th Edition, Maruzen-Publishing.
[25]
Grass, G., Rensing, C. and Solioz, M. (2011) Metallic Copper as an Antimicrobial Surface. AppliedandEnvironmentalMicrobiology, 77, 1541-1547. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02766-10
[26]
Nibur, K.A. and Bahr, D.F. (2003) Identifying Slip Systems around Indentations in FCC Metals. ScriptaMaterialia, 49, 1055-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.08.021
[27]
Muniz, F.T.L., Miranda, M.A.R., Morilla dos Santos, C. and Sasaki, J.M. (2016) The Scherrer Equation and the Dynamical Theory of X-Ray Diffraction. ActaCrystallographicaSectionAFoundationsandAdvances, 72, 385-390. https://doi.org/10.1107/s205327331600365x
[28]
Wang, P., Bian, Y., Yang, F., Fan, H. and Zheng, B. (2020) Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of FCC Lattice Structures with Different Orientation Angles. ActaMechanica, 231, 3129-3144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-020-02710-x
[29]
Kunze, J., Maurice, V., Klein, L.H., Strehblow, H. and Marcus, P. (2004) In Situ STM Study of the Duplex Passive Films Formed on Cu(111) and Cu(001) in 0.1m NaOH. CorrosionScience, 46, 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(03)00140-9
[30]
Alipour Tehrani, N., Benoit, M., Dannheim, D., Fiergolski, A., Hynds, D., Klempt, W., et al. (2020) Performance Evaluation of Thin Active-Edge Planar Sensors for the CLIC Vertex Detector. NuclearInstrumentsandMethodsinPhysicsResearchSectionA: Accelerators, Spectrometers, DetectorsandAssociatedEquipment, 953, Article ID: 162850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162850
[31]
Sheng, H., Nakamura, K., Kanno, T., Sasaki, K. and Niwano, Y. (2015) Bactericidal Effect of Photolysis of H2O2 in Combination with Sonolysis of Water via Hydroxyl Radical Generation. PLOSONE, 10, e0132445. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132445
[32]
Nasibulin, A.G., Richard, O., Kauppinen, E.I., Brown, D.P., Jokiniemi, J.K. and Altman, I.S. (2002) Nanoparticle Synthesis by Copper (II) Acetylacetonate Vapor Decomposition in the Presence of Oxygen. AerosolScienceandTechnology, 36, 899-911. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820290038546
[33]
International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD)PDF/JCPDS, Card Number: 04-0836. https://www.icdd.com
[34]
Information from Rigaku Holdings Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. https://rigaku-holdings.com
[35]
Ledbetter, H.M. and Naimon, E.R. (1974) Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 3, 897-935. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3253150
[36]
Edalati, K., Bachmaier, A., Beloshenko, V.A., Beygelzimer, Y., Blank, V.D., Botta, W.J., et al. (2022) Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation: Review of Historical Developments and Recent Advances. MaterialsResearchLetters, 10, 163-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779
[37]
Edalati, K., Ahmed, A.Q., Akrami, S., Ameyama, K., Aptukov, V., Asfandiyarov, R.N., et al. (2024) Severe Plastic Deformation for Producing Superfunctional Ultrafine-Grained and Heterostructured Materials: An Interdisciplinary Review. JournalofAlloysandCompounds, 1002, Article ID: 174667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174667
