This review systematically elaborates on the pathogenesis of spinal tuberculosis, including the interaction of factors such as the transmission route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the body’s immune response, and the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the spine. It comprehensively summarizes the current progress in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis, covering traditional anti-tuberculosis drug therapy, optimized surgical treatment plans, as well as the application achievements and development trends of cutting-edge technologies such as emerging local drug-loaded sustained-release systems, 3D printing technology, and targeted therapy. The review aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive and in-depth theoretical basis and treatment reference, and to promote the further improvement of the diagnosis and treatment level of spinal tuberculosis.
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