乡村旅游地农户生计适应性研究——以哈尔滨市元宝村为例
Study on Farmers’ Livelihood Adaptability in Rural Tourism Destinations—A Case Study of Yuanbao Village, Harbin

乡村旅游作为推动乡村振兴的重要引擎，其在促进农户生计转型与适应能力提升方面具有重要意义。基于可持续生计分析框架，本文构建了金融资本、社会资本、自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、心理认知6个维度层在内的乡村旅游地农户生计适应性评价指标体系。本文运用熵权法、综合指数法与障碍度模型对农户生计适应性水平进行测算，并分析影响因素。研究结果表明：(1) 农户生计类型共有3类，分别为旅游主导型、旅游兼营型与生计多样型。(2) 3种类型农户的生计适应性水平由高到低依次为生计多样型 > 旅游主导型 > 旅游兼营型。(3) 3类农户的影响因素有所不同。在旅游主导型农户中，农业收入对其生计适应性水平影响最大。旅游兼营型农户的障碍因子为年旅游收入和旅游经营房屋面积，这两类指标对其影响最大。生计多样型农户的主要障碍因子为年旅游收入。农户旅游经营房屋面积是三类农户的公共障碍因子，3类农户的公共障碍因子同时都分布在自然资本维度。因此，为提升农户生计适应性给出相应建议，可为乡村旅游地发展研究提供借鉴。
As an important engine for promoting rural revitalization, rural tourism plays a significant role in advancing farmers’ livelihood transformation and enhancing their adaptability. Based on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), this study constructs an evaluation index system for farmers’ livelihood adaptability in rural tourism destinations, covering six-dimensional layers: financial capital, social capital, natural capital, human capital, physical capital, and psychological cognition. The entropy weight method, comprehensive index method, and obstacle degree model are employed to measure the level of farmers’ livelihood adaptability and analyze the influencing factors. The research results show that: (1) There are three types of farmers’ livelihoods, namely tourism-dominated type, tourism-supplementary type, and diversified livelihood type. (2) The livelihood adaptability levels of the three types of farmers, from highest to lowest, are in the order of diversified livelihood type > tourism-dominated type > tourism-supplementary type. (3) The influencing factors vary among the three types of farmers. For tourism-dominated farmers, agricultural income has the greatest impact on their livelihood adaptability. The obstacle factors for tourism-supplementary farmers are annual tourism income and the floor area of tourism operation premises, with these two indicators exerting the most significant influence. The main obstacle for diversified livelihood farmers is annual tourism income. The floor area of tourism operation premises is a common obstacle factor for all three types of farmers, and the common obstacle factors of the three types are all distributed in the natural capital dimension. Therefore, corresponding suggestions are proposed to improve farmers’ livelihood adaptability, which can provide a reference for the research on the development of rural tourism destinations.