全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Reevaluating the MacNeish Legacy Collections: Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology from the Ayacucho Basin, Peru

DOI: 10.4236/ad.2026.141001, PP. 1-40

Keywords: Material Culture, Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene, Ayacucho Basin, Andean Region, South America

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

A ground-breaking endeavor led by Richard MacNeish between 1966 and 1972 was the “Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical Project” in south-central Peru. For more than ten years, we have reviewed the lithics recovered in this fieldwork. As part of this research, we carried out detailed reevaluations of the lithic remains from the lower strata of three caves excavated in this project. Presented here are the artifacts from the lower levels of Pikimachay, Jaywamachay, and Puente. Careful laboratory analysis of the artifacts enabled the distinction between humanly modified and naturally formed items. This process identified 9760 anthropogenic pieces, including bifacial and unifacial points, scrapers, and cores. Modified faunal bones, used as tools and displaying polishing and cut marks, were also among the findings. We present an overview of the lithic analysis performed, as well as a morpho-technological description of the archaeological remains witnessing the material culture of the hunter-gatherers living in the Ayacucho basin during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene.

References

[1]  (2005). Archaeology NEWS. Archaeology, 58, 10-15.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41781386
[2]  Ahler, S. (1971). Projectile Point Form and Function at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri.
[3]  Aldenderfer, M. (1998). Montane Foragers. Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic. University of Iowa.
[4]  Andrefsky, J. W. (2005). Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511810244
[5]  Binford, L. R. (1983). In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. Thames and Hudson.
[6]  Bird J. (1946). The Archaeology of Patagonia. In J. H. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (pp. 17-24). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.
[7]  Blatt, H., Middleton, G., & Murray, R. (1980). Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Prentice-Hall.
[8]  Bonavia, D. (1982). Precerámico Peruano. Los Gavilanes. Mar, desierto y oasis en la historia del hombre. Corporación Financiera de Desarrollo, S.A. COFIDE, Instituto Arqueológico Alemán.
[9]  Bonavia, D. (2007). De la caza-recolección a la agricultura: Una perspectiva local. In E. Vergara (Ed.) and Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos (IFEA), Arqueología y vida: Duccio Bonavia (pp. 97-118). Institut français d’études andines.
https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.5666
[10]  Bordes, F. (1981). Tyoplogie du Paleolitique Ancien et Moyen. Delmas. Publications de I’Institut de Préhistoire de l’université de Bourdeux-CNRS.
[11]  Borrero, L. A. (2016). Ambiguity and Debates on the Early Peopling of South America. PaleoAmerica, 2, 11-21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2015.1136498
[12]  Briceño, J. (2011). Últimos descubrimientos del Paijanense en la parte alta de los valles de Chicama, Moche y Virú, norte del Perú: Nuevas perspectivas sobre los primeros cazadores-recolectores en los Andes de Sudamérica. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, No. 15, 165-203.
https://doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.201101.007
[13]  Burger, R. L., & Asaro, F. (1977). Análisis de rasgos significativos en la obsidiana de los Andes Centrales. Revista del Museo Nacional, XLIII, 281-325.
[14]  Burger, R. L., & Glascock, M. D. (2000). Locating the Quispisisa Obsidian Source in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 11, 258-268.
https://doi.org/10.2307/972177
[15]  Burger, R., & Asaro, F. (1993). La distribución y procedencia de artefactos de obsidiana durante el Periodo Inicial y Horizonte Temprano. In R. L. Burger (Ed.), Emergencia de la civilización en los Andes ensayos de interpretación. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt27w7x7zw/qt27w7x7zw_noSplash_97d8cc2a42ea33bbef130ce4007e3cdf.pdf
[16]  Callahan, E. (1981). Pamunkey Housebuilding: An Experimental Study of Late Woodland Construction Technology in the Powhatan Confederacy. Ph.D. Thesis, Catholic University of America.
[17]  Callahan, E. (2016). Neolithic Danish Daggers. Volume 2. A Manual for Flintknappers and Lithic Analysts. Piltdown Productions.
[18]  Callahan, E. H. (1979). The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition. A Manual for Flintknappers and Lithic Analysts (pp. 1-180). Archaeology of Eastern North America.
[19]  Capriles, J. M., Calla Maldonado, S., & Albarracín-Jordán, J. (2010). Tecnología lítica y estrategias de subsistencia durante los períodos arcaico y formativo en el altiplano central, Bolivia. Chungará (Arica), 43, 455-468.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-73562011000300008
[20]  Cardich, A. (1958). Los Yacimientos de Lauricocha. Nuevas interpretaciones de la Prehistoria Peruana. In Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehistóricos, Estudia Praehistorica I (p. 65). Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehistóricos.
[21]  Cardich A. (1964). Lauricocha. Fundamentos para una prehistoria de los Andes Centrales. In Estudia Prehistorica III. Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehistóricos.
[22]  Chauchat, C. (1972). Ensayo de Tipología Lítica del Precerámico Peruano. Revista del Museo Nacional, XXVIII, 125-132.
[23]  Chauchat, C. (1982). Le Paijanien du désert Cupisnique. Recherches sur l’occupation préhistorique de la côte nord du Pérou au début de l’Holocène. Master’s Thesis, Université de Bordeaux.
[24]  Chauchat, C. (2022). Limaces and Unifaces in the Paiján Industry, Peru, and the Early Prehistory of America. Lithic Technology, 47, 231-242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2029286
[25]  Chauchat, C., & Pélegrin, J. (1994). Le premier peuplement de la côte désertique du Pérou. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 91, 275-280.
https://doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1994.9736
[26]  Chauchat, C., Pelegrin, J., Galvez, C., Becerra, R., & Esquerre, R. (2004). Projectile Point Technology and Economy. A Case Study from Paiján, North Coastal Perú. Texas A and M University Press.
[27]  Civalero, M. T., & Nami, H. G. (2020). Experimentos y esquemas diacríticos para explorar técnicas de talla unifacial del Holoceno temprano en el noroeste de Santa Cruz. Revista del Museo de Antropología, 13, 147-154.
https://doi.org/10.31048/1852.4826.v13.n1.24096
[28]  Crabtree, D. (1972). An Introduction to Flintworking. Pocatello, Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum.
[29]  de Beaune, S. A. (1989). Exemple ethnographique de l’usage pluri-fonctionnel d’un galet de quartz. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 86, 61-64.
https://doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1989.9363
[30]  de Sonneville-Bordes, D., & Perrot, J. (1956). Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France, 53, 547-559.
https://doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1956.3374
[31]  Dillehay, T. (2017). Where the Land Meets the Sea: Fourteen Millennia of Human History at Huaca Prieta, Peru. University of Texas Press.
[32]  Dillehay, T. D. (1985). A Regional Perspective of Preceramic Times in the Central Andes. Reviews in Anthropology, 12, 193-205.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1985.9977731
[33]  Dillehay, T. D., Rossen, J., Andres, T. C., & Williams, D. E. (2007). Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru. Science, 316, 1890-1893.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141395
[34]  Ellen, R. F. (2011). The Eolith Debate, Evolutionist Anthropology and the Oxford Connection between 1880 and 1940. History and Anthropology, 22, 277-306.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2011.595007
[35]  Eren, M. I., Bebber, M. R., Buchanan, B., Grunow, A., Key, A., Lycett, S. J. et al. (2023). Antarctica as a ‘Natural Laboratory’ for the Critical Assessment of the Archaeological Validity of Early Stone Tool Sites. Antiquity, 97, 472-482.
https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.4
[36]  Ericson, J. A., & Purdy, B. (1984). Toward the Analysis of Lithic Production Systems. In J. Ericson, & B. Purdy (Eds.), Prehistoric Quarries and Lithic Production (pp. 1-10). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511753244.002
[37]  Eriksson, A., Betti, L., Friend, A. D., Lycett, S. J., Singarayer, J. S., von Cramon-Taubadel, N. et al. (2012). Late Pleistocene Climate Change and the Global Expansion of Anatomically Modern Humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 16089-16094.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209494109
[38]  Fernández, J. (1990). La cueva de Haichol: Arqueología de los pinares cordilleranos del Neuquen. Anales de Arqueología y Etnología, Volume 1, Number 43-45, 1-292.
[39]  Flenniken, J. J. (1984). The Past, Present, and Future of Flintknapping: An Anthropological Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 187-203.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.001155
[40]  García-Bárcena, J. (1980). Una Punta Acanalada de la Cueva de Los Grifos, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas. Cuaderno de Trabajo del Departamento de Prehistoria No. 17, México DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México.
[41]  Giesso, M., Nami, H. G., Capcha, J. J. Y., Glascock, M. D., & Macdonald, B. L. (2020). XRF Obsidian Analysis from Ayacucho Basin in Huamanga Province, South-Eastern Peru. Archaeometry, 62, 215-231.
https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12529
[42]  González, A. R. (1960). La estratigrafía de la gruta de Intihuasi, (Prov. de San Luis, RA) y sus relaciones con otros sitios precerámicos de Sudamérica. Revista del Instituto de Antropología, 1, 5-296.
[43]  Gradin, C. J. (1984). Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Casa de Piedra. Dirección General y Ente Ejecutivo Casa de Piedra.
[44]  Grayson, D. K. (1986). Eoliths, Archaeological Ambiguity, and the Generation of ‘Middle Range’ Research. In D. J. Meltzer, D. D. Fowler, & J. A. Sabloff (Eds.), American Archaeology Past and Future (pp. 71-133). Smithsonian Institution Press.
[45]  Harding, L. (2005). History of Modern Man Unravels as German Scholar Is Exposed as Fraud. Flamboyant Anthropologist Falsified Dating of Key Discoveries. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/19/science.sciencenews
[46]  Haynes, G. (2015). The Millennium before Clovis. PaleoAmerica, 1, 134-162.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2055556315z.00000000016
[47]  Hogg, A. G., Heaton, T. J., Hua, Q., Palmer, J. G., Turney, C. S., Southon, J. et al. (2020). SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0-55,000 Years Cal Bp. Radiocarbon, 62, 759-778.
https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.59
[48]  Inizan, M. L., Reduron, M., Roche, H., & Tixier, J. (1995). Technologie de la Pierre Taillée. Centre de Recherches et d’Études Préhistoriques.
[49]  Jackson, D., Méndez, C., Seguel, R., Maldonado, A., & Vargas, G. (2007). Initial Occupation of the Pacific Coast of Chile during Late Pleistocene Times. Current Anthropology, 48, 725-731.
https://doi.org/10.1086/520965
[50]  Jodry, M. A. (1999). Folsom Technological and Socioeconomic Strategies: Views from Stewart’s Cattle Guard and the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Colorado. Ph.D. Thesis, American University.
[51]  Kaulicke, P. (1999). Contribuciones hacia la cronología del Periodo Arcaico en las punas de Junín. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 3, 307-324.
https://doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.199901.015
[52]  King, J. A., & Samford, P. (2019). Making Archaeological Collections Available for Research: Recommendations for Repositories. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 7, 311-316.
https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2019.27
[53]  Lavallee, D., & Julien, M. (2012). Prehistoria de la Costa Extremo-Sur del Perú. Los pescadores arcaicos de la Quebrada de los Burros (10,000-7,000 a.P.). Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos y Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.7519
[54]  Lavallee, D., Julien, M., Wheeler, J., & Karlin, C. (1995). Telarmachay: Cazadores y Pastores Prehistóricos de los Andes. Institut français d’études andines.
https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.10363
[55]  Leon, E., & Yataco Capcha, J. J. (2008). New Analysis of Lithic Artifacts from Ayacucho Complex, Peru. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 25, 34-37.
[56]  Lizarraga-Mehringer, Y. (2000). Viscachani y el Precerámico de Bolivia. PhD Thesis, Universität zu Köln.
[57]  Luedtke, B. E. (1979). The Identification of Sources of Chert Artifacts. American Antiquity, 44, 744-757.
https://doi.org/10.2307/279116
[58]  Lynch, T. (1980). Guitarrero Cave: Early Man in the Andes. Cornell University Press.
[59]  Lynch, T. (1983). The Paleo-Indians. In J. D. Jennings (Ed.). Ancient South Americans (pp. 87-137). W. H. Freeman.
[60]  Lynch, T. (1990b). El hombre de la edad glaciar en Suramérica: Una perspectiva europea. Revista de Arqueología Americana, No. 1, 141-185.
[61]  Lynch, T. (1992). La realidad del concepto paleoindio en contra de las protestas de MacNeish, Bryan y Gruhn. Revista de Arqueología Americana, 5, 249-261.
[62]  Lynch, T. F. (1967). Quishqui Puncu: A Preceramic Site in Highland Peru. Science, 158, 780-783.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3802.780
[63]  Lynch, T. F. (1974). The Antiquity of Man in South America. Quaternary Research, 4, 356-377.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(74)90022-2
[64]  Lynch, T. F. (1990a). Glacial-Age Man in South America? A Critical Review. American Antiquity, 55, 12-36.
https://doi.org/10.2307/281490
[65]  Lynch, T. F., & Kennedy, K. A. R. (1970). Early Human Cultural and Skeletal Remains from Guitarrero Cave, Northern Peru. Science, 169, 1307-1309.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3952.1307
[66]  MacNeish, R. (1967). The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley. University of Texas Press.
[67]  MacNeish, R. (1969). First Annual Report of the Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical Project. A Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology Project. Phillips Academy.
[68]  MacNeish, R. (1979). The Early Man Remains from Pikimachay Cave, Ayacucho Basin, Highland Perú. In R. L. Humphrey, & D. Stanford (Eds.), Pre-Llano Cultures of the Americas: Paradoxes and Possibilities (pp. 1-47). The Anthropological Society of Washington.
[69]  MacNeish, R. (1992a). The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life. University of Oklahoma Press.
[70]  MacNeish, R. (1992b). Pikimachay, Perú: Algunas correcciones al análisis de Lynch. Revista de Arqueología Americana, 5, 241-247.
[71]  MacNeish, R. S. (1971). Early Man in the Andes. Scientific American, 224, 36-46.
https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0471-36
[72]  MacNeish, R. S., Berger, R., & Protscha, R. (1970a). Megafauna and Man from Ayacucho, Highland Peru. Science, 168, 975-977.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3934.975
[73]  MacNeish, R. S., Cook, A., Lumbreras, L.; Vierra, R., & Nelken-Terner, A. (1981). Excavations and Chronology. Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru. Vol. II. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology and the University of Michigan Press.
[74]  MacNeish, R. S., Johnson, F., Wittfogel, K. A., Woodbury, R. B., Neely, J. A., Huerta, G. H., & Hunt, E. (1972). The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley Vol. IV-V. University of Texas Press.
[75]  MacNeish, R. S., Vierra, R. K., Nelken-Terner, A., & García Cook, A. (1970b). Second Annual Report of the Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical Project. Robert S. Peabody Found for Archaeology.
[76]  MacNeish, R. S., Vierra, R. K., Nelken-Terner, A., & Phagan, C. J. (1980). Nonceramic Artifacts. Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru. Vol. III. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology and the University of Michigan Press.
[77]  MacNeish, R. S., Vierra, R., Nelken-Terner, A., Lurie, R., & Cook, A. A. (1983). The Preceramic Way of Life. Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru. Vol. IV. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology and the University of Michigan Press.
[78]  MacNeish, R., Nelken-Terner, A., & Wietlander de Johnson I. (1967). The Prehistory of the Tehuacán Valley Vol. II, Edited by D. S. Byers for the Robert S. Peabody Foundation, Phillips Academy, Andover. University of Texas Press.
[79]  Maggard, G. J. (2015). The el palto phase of northern perú: Cultural diversity in the late pleistocene-early holocene. Chungará (Arica), 47, 25-40.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-73562015005000009
[80]  Maggard, G., & Dillehay, T. D. (2011). El Palto Phase (13800-9800 BP). In T. Dillehay (Ed.), From Foraging to Farming in the Andes (pp. 77-94). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511793790.005
[81]  Malpass, M. (1983). The Preceramic Occupation of the Casma Valley. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin.
[82]  Mann, C. C. (2005). Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed. Science, 307, 34-35.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5706.34
[83]  Manninen, M. K. (2007). Non-Flint Pseudo-Lithics: Some Considerations. Fennoscandia Archaeologica, XXIV, 76-83.
https://journal.fi/fennoscandiaarchaeologica/article/view/126436/76254
[84]  Massone, M. (1987). Los cazadores paleoindios de Tres Arroyos (Tierra del Fuego). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, Serie Ciencias Sociales, 17, 47-60.
[85]  Matsumoto, Y., Nesbitt, J., Glascock, M. D., Cavero Palomino, Y. I., & Burger, R. L. (2018). Interregional Obsidian Exchange during the Late Initial Period and Early Horizon: New Perspectives from Campanayuq Rumi, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 29, 44-63.
https://doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.64
[86]  Mayer-Oakes, W. J. (1986). El Inga: A Paleo-Indian Site in the Sierra of Northern Ecuador. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 76, I.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1006466
[87]  Merino, J. (1994). Tipología Lítica. Centro de Estudios Aranzadi.
[88]  Morche, W, C., Albán, J. De la Cruz., & Cerrón, F. (1995). Geología del Cuadrángulo de Ayacucho, Hojas 27-ñ, escala 1: 100.000. Carta Geológica Nacional, Boletín 61, 1-120, Serie A. Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico.
[89]  Nami, H. G. (1986). Experimentos para el estudio de la tecnología bifacial de las ocupaciones tardías en el extremo sur de la Patagonia Continental. Programa de Estudios Prehistóricos: Informes de Investigación 5. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.
[90]  Nami, H. G. (1988). Arqueología experimental, tecnología, artefactos bifaciales y modelos. Estado actual del conocimiento en Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 18, 157-176.
[91]  Nami, H. G. (1990). Simulación y réplica de las puntas de proyectil. La Cueva de Haichol. Arqueología de los pinares cordilleranos del Neuquén. Anales de Arqueología y Etnología, Vol. 1, No. 43-45, 227-241.
[92]  Nami, H. G. (2000). Investigaciones actualísticas y piedra tallada. I) Criterios experimentales para identificar lascas de talla bipolar: Su aplicación en la interpretación de artefactos arqueológicos de los extremos norte y sur de la Patagonia. III Congreso Argentino de Americanistas, 3, 229-270.
[93]  Nami, H. G. (2007). Research in the Middle Negro River Basin (Uruguay) and the Paleoindian Occupation of the Southern Cone. Current Anthropology, 48, 164-174.
https://doi.org/10.1086/510465
[94]  Nami, H. G. (2010). Late Pleistocene Technology in the New World: Bone Artifacts from Cueva del Medio and Other Sites in the Southern Cone of South America. In A. Legrand-Pineau, I. Sidéra, N. Buc, E. David, & V. Scheinsohn (Eds.), Ancient and Modern Bone Artefacts from America to Russia. Cultural, Technological and Functional Signature (pp. 279-286). BAR International Series.
[95]  Nami, H. G. (2013). Archaelogy, Paleoindian Research and Lithic Technology in the Middle Negro River, Central Uruguay. Archaeological Discovery, 1, 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2013.11001
[96]  Nami, H. G. (2014a). Arqueología del último milenio del Pleistoceno en el Cono Sur de Sudamérica, puntas de proyectil y observaciones sobre tecnología Paleoindia en el Nuevo Mundo. In M. Farías, & A. Lourdeau (Eds.), Peuplement et Modalités d’Occupation de l’Amérique du Sud: l’Apport de la Technologie Lithique (pp. 279-336). Copy-Média.
[97]  Nami, H. G. (2014b). Secuencias de reducción bifaciales Paleoindias y puntas Fell en el Valle del Ilaló (Ecuador): Observaciones para comprender la tecnología lítica pleistocénica en Sudamérica. In M. Farias, & A. Lourdeau (Eds.), Peuplement et Modalités d’Occupation de l’Amérique du Sud: L’Apport de la Technologie Lithique (pp. 179-220). Copy-Média.
[98]  Nami, H. G. (2015). Experimental Observations on Some Non-Optimal Materials from Southern South America. Lithic Technology, 40, 128-146.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2051618515y.0000000004
[99]  Nami, H. G. (2017). Exploring the Manufacture of Bifacial Stone Tools from the Middle Rio Negro Basin, Uruguay: An Experimental Approach. Ethnoarchaeology, 9, 53-80.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19442890.2017.1286757
[100]  Nami, H. G. (2019). Paleoamerican Occupation, Stone Tools from the Cueva Del Medio, and Considerations for the Late Pleistocene Archaeology in Southern South America. Quaternary, 2, Article 28.
https://doi.org/10.3390/quat2030028
[101]  Nami, H. G. (2021). Fishtailed Projectile Points in the Americas: Remarks and Hypotheses on the Peopling of Northern South America and Beyond. Quaternary International, 578, 47-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.004
[102]  Nami, H. G., & Civalero, M. T. (2017). Distinctive Unifacial Technology during the Early Holocene in Southern South America. Archaeological Discovery, 5, 101-115.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2017.53007
[103]  Nami, H. G., & Elkin, D. (1994). Aportes para la categorización de instrumentos de talla en base a su densidad. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 12, 7-18.
[104]  Nami, H. G., & Stanford, D. J. (2016). Dating the Peopling of Northwestern South America: An AMS Date from El Inga Site, Highland Ecuador. PaleoAmerica, 2, 60-63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2016.1139793
[105]  Nami, H. G., & Yataco Capcha, J. (2020). Further Data on Fell Points from the Southern Cone of South America. PaleoAmerica, 6, 379-386.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2020.1763721
[106]  Nami, H. G., Chichkoyan, K. V., Yataco Capcha, J., & Lanata, J. L. (2023). New Taphonomic Approach Applied to the Late Pleistocene Bone Remains from Pikimachay Cave, Ayacucho Basin, Peru: Possible Implications for the Debate on Human Colonisation of Western South America. Bulletins et mémoires de la société d’anthropologie de Paris, 35, 4-24.
https://doi.org/10.4000/bmsap.12018
[107]  Nuñez, L., Casamiquela, R., Schiappacasse, V., Niemeyer, H., & Villagrán, C. (1994). Cuenca de Taguatagua en Chile: El ambiente del Pleistoceno y ocupaciones humanas. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 67, 503-519.
[108]  Odell, G. H. (2003). Lithic Analysis. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9009-9
[109]  Ortiz, V., & Toledo, C. (2022). Análisis Petrográfico y Tecno-Tipológico de artefactos líticos de la cueva de Pikimachay (Fases Pacaicasa y Ayacucho). Arqueológicas, 31, 19-44.
[110]  Osorio, D., Jackson, D., Ugalde, P. C., Latorre, C., De Pol-Holz, R., & Santoro, C. M. (2011). Hakenasa Cave and Its Relevance for the Peopling of the Southern Andean Altiplano. Antiquity, 85, 1194-1208.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062001
[111]  Patterson, L. w. (1983). Criteria for Determining the Attributes of Man-Made Lithics. Journal of Field Archaeology, 10, 297-307.
https://doi.org/10.1179/009346983791504336
[112]  Peacock, E. (1991). Distinguishing between Artifacts and Geofacts: A Test Case from Eastern England. Journal of Field Archaeology, 18, 345-361.
https://doi.org/10.1179/009346991791548645
[113]  Pearson, G. A., & Bostrom, P. (1998). A New Fluted Stemmed Point from Belize and Its Implications for a Circum-Caribbean Paleoindian Culture Area. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 15, 34-37.
[114]  Politis, G. G., & Prates, L. (2019). The Pre-Clovis Peopling of South America. The SAA Archaeological Record, 19, 40-44.
[115]  Preston, B. (2019). Artifact. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/artifact/
[116]  Purdy, B. A. (1975). Fractures for the Archaeologist. In E. H. Swanson (Ed.), Lithic Technology (133-142). De Gruyter Mouton.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111390376.133
[117]  Purtill, M. (2012). A Persistent Place: A Landscape Approach to the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Greenlee Tract. Southern Ohio Gray and Pape, Inc.
[118]  Rademaker, K., Hodgins, G., Moore, K., Zarrillo, S., Miller, C., Bromley, G. R. M. et al. (2014). Paleoindian Settlement of the High-Altitude Peruvian Andes. Science, 346, 466-469.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258260
[119]  Ravines, R. (1972). Secuencia y cambios en los artefactos líticos del sur del Perú. Revista del Museo Nacional, XXVIII, 133-184.
[120]  Raynal, J. P., Magoga, L., & Bindon, P. (1995). Tephrofacts and the First Occupation of the French Massif Central. In W. Roebroeks, & T. van Kolfschoten (Eds.), The Earliest Occupation of Europe. Proceedings of the European Science Foundation workshop at Tautavel (France) 1993 (pp. 129-146). University Press.
[121]  Rick J. (1983). Cronología, clima y subsistencia en El Precerámico Peruano. Ediciones INDEA. Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueológicos.
[122]  Rick, J. W. (1980). Prehistoric Hunters of the High Andes. Academic Press.
[123]  Rick, J. W. (1987). Dates as Data: An Examination of the Peruvian Preceramic Radiocarbon Record. American Antiquity, 52, 55-73.
https://doi.org/10.2307/281060
[124]  Rick, J. W. (1988). The Character and context of Highland Preceramic Society. In W. Keting (Ed.), Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of Pre-Inca Society (pp. 3-40). Cambridge University Press.
[125]  Rivera Casanovas, C., & Calla Maldonado, S. (2011). Cazadores recolectores del periodo arcaico en los valles y serranías de la región de san lucas, chuquisaca, bolivia. Chungará (Arica), 43, 433-454.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-73562011000300007
[126]  Sandweiss, D. H., & Rademaker, K. M. (2011). El poblamiento del sur peruano: Costa y sierra. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 15, 275-293.
https://doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.201101.010
[127]  Santoro, C. M., Ugalde, P. C., Latorre, C., Salas, C., Osorio, D., Jackson, D. et al. (2011). Ocupación humana pleistocénica en el desierto de atacama: primeros resultados de la aplicación de un modelo predictivo de investigación interdisciplinaria. Chungará (Arica), 43, 353-366.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-73562011000300003
[128]  Sauer, C. D. (1950). Cultivated Plants of South and Central America. In J. H. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (pp. 487-543). Smithsonian Institution.
[129]  Schier, W., & Pollock, S. (2020). Introduction. In W. Schier, & S. Pollock (Eds.), The Competition of Fibres (pp. 1-4). Oxbow Books.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13pk7d6.7
[130]  St. Amand, F., Childs, S. T., Reitz, E. J., Heller, S., Newsom, B., Rick, T. C. et al. (2020). Leveraging Legacy Archaeological Collections as Proxies for Climate and Environmental Research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 8287-8294.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914154117
[131]  Tarbuck, E. J., & Lutgens, F. K. (1999). Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.
[132]  Toth, N., Clark, D., & Ligabue, G. (1992). The Last Stone Ax Makers. Scientific American, 267, 88-93.
https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0792-88
[133]  Uceda, C. (1992). Industrias líticas precerámicas en Casma. In D. Bonavia (Ed.), Estudios de Arqueología Peruana (pp. 45-67). FOMCIENCIAS.
[134]  Whittaker, J. C., & Kaldahl, E. J. (2001). Where the Waste Went: A Knapper’s Dump at Grassopper Pueblo. In W. Andrefsky Jr. (Ed.), Debitage: Context, Form and Meaning (pp. 32-60). University of Utah Press.
[135]  Whittaker, J. C., Caulkins, D., & Kamp, K. A. (1998). Evaluating Consistency in Typology and Classification. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 5, 129-164.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02427967
[136]  Yataco C. J. J. & Nami, H. G. (2016). A Reevaluation of Paleoamerican Artifacts from Jaywamachay Rockshelter, Ayacucho Valley, Peru. PaleoAmerica, 2, 368-372.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2016.1199198
[137]  Yataco C. J. J. & Nami, H. G. (2023). Cazadores-recolectores de la transición Pleistoceno/Holoceno Temprano de Jaywamachay, Ayacucho. Arqueología y Sociedad, No. 23, 23-51.
https://doi.org/10.15381/arqueolsoc.2023n39.e26163
[138]  Yataco C. J. J. (2020). Reevaluación de la sección sur de la cueva de Pikimachay, Ayacucho, Perú: Aporte de la morfotecnología lítica desde el Precerámico hasta el Horizonte Tardío. Master’s Thesis, Yamagata University.
[139]  Yataco C. J. J., Nami, H. G., & Huiza, W. (2021). A Reassessment on the Lithic Artefacts from the Earliest Human Occupations at Puente Rock Shelter, Ayacucho Valley, Peru. Archaeological Discovery, 9, 91-112.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2021.92005
[140]  Yataco, C. J. J. (2011). Revisión de las evidencias de Pikimachay, Ayacucho, ocupación del Pleistoceno Final en los Andes Centrales. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, No. 15, 247-274.
https://doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.201101.009
[141]  Yataco, C. J. J., & Nami, H. G. (2022). A New View on the Late Pleistocene Lithic Remains from Pikimachay Cave, South Central Peru. Archaeological Discovery, 10, 282-334.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2022.104010
[142]  Ziólkowski, M. S., Pazdur Mieczyslaw, F., Krzanowski, A., & Michczynski, A. (1994). An-des: Radiocarbon Database for Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Andean Archaeological Mission of the Institute for Archaeology, Warsaw University; Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Silesian Technical University.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133